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TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WEST  M  JN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


^ 

^ 


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I/. 


i 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Instituta  for  Historical  Microraproductlons  /  Institut  Canadian  da  microraproductions  llistoriquaa 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notaa/Notas  tachniquaa  at  bibiiographiquas 


Tha  Instituta  has  anamptad  to  obtain  tha  bast 
original  copy  avaitabia  for  filming.  Faaturas  of  this 
copy  which  may  ba  bibliographically  uniqua. 
which  may  altar  any  of  tha  imagas  in  tha 
raproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
tha  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


D 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


I      I    Covers  damaged/ 


Couverture  endommagAe 

Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaurte  at/ou  pelliculAe 

Cover  title  miasing/ 

La  titrb  da  couverture  manque 

Coloured  maps/ 

Cartas  gtographiques  en  couleur 

Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encra  da  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 

Coloured  platea  and/or  illustrations/ 
Planches  et/ou  illustrations  an  couleur 

Bound  with  other  material/ 
Reli*  avac  d'autres  documents 


D 


D 


n 


Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  re  liure  serrie  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distorsion  le  long  de  la  marge  intirieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajout£-as 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dana  le  texte, 
mais,  lorsque  cela  Atait  possible,  ces  pagea  n'ont 
pas  M  filmtes. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  supplimentaires: 


L'Institut  a  microfilm*  le  meilleur  exemplaira 
qu'il  lui  a  iti  possible  de  se  procurer.  Las  details 
de  cet  exemplaira  qui  sont  paut-Atre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite.  ou  qui  peuvent  axiger  una 
modification  dans  la  mAthoda  normalo  de  flimage 
sont  indiquAs  ci-dessous. 


n 

D 

D 
0 
D 
Q 
D 
D 
D 
D 


Coloured  pages/ 
Pagea  de  couleur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagies 

Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Pages  restaur«es  et/ou  pelliculies 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pages  dicolories,  tachaties  ou  piquies 

Pages  detached/ 
Pages  ddtachies 

Showthrough/ 
Transparence 

Quality  of  print  varies/ 
Qualiti  inigale  de  ('impression 

Includes  supplementary  material/ 
Comprend  du  material  supplAmentaire 

Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 

Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partieilement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  iti  filmtes  d  nouveau  de  fapon  i 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 
Ce  document  est  film*  au  taux  de  reduction  indiqui  ci-dessous. 
10X  14X  18X  22X 


>/ 


26X 


30X 


12X 


16X 


20X 


24X 


28X 


32X 


Th«  copy  film«d  h«r«  has  bMn  raproducad  thanka 
to  tha  ganaroaity  of: 

D.  B.  Weldon  Library 
University  of  Wsttern  Ontario 
(Regional  History  Room) 

Tha  imagaa  appaaring  hara  ara  tha  baat  quality 
poaaibia  conaidaring  tha  condition  and  lagibility 
of  tha  original  copy  and  in  Icaaping  with  tha 
filming  contract  spaeificationa. 


Original  copiaa  in  printad  papar  eovara  ara  filmad 
baginning  with  tha  front  eovar  and  anding  on 
tha  laat  paga  with  a  printad  or  illuatratad  impraa- 
sion,  or  tha  back  eovar  whan  appropriata.  All 
othar  original  copiaa  ara  filmad  baginning  on  tha 
first  paga  with  a  printad  or  illuatratad  impraa- 
sion,  and  anding  on  tha  iaat  paga  with  a  printad 
or  illuatratad  impraaaion. 


Tha  laat  racordad  frama  on  aach  microficha 
■hail  contain  tha  symbol  -^(moaning  "CON- 
TiNUEO"),  or  tha  symbol  V  (maaning  "END"), 
whichavar  appliaa. 

Map:  plataa,  charts,  ate.  may  ba  filmad  at 
diffarant  raduction  ratioa.  Thoaa  too  larga  to  be 
antiraly  includad  in  ona  axposura  ara  filmad 
baginning  in  tha  uppar  laft  hand  cornar,  laft  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  aa  many  framaa  aa 
raquirad.  Tha  following  diagrama  illuatrata  tha 
mathod: 


L'axamplaira  filmA  fut  raproduit  grAca  i  la 
gAn^roaiti  da: 

D.  B.  Weldon  Library 
University  of  Western  Ontario 
(Regional  History  Room) 

Laa  imagaa  suh/antaa  ont  4ti  raproduitas  avac  ia 
plua  grand  soin.  compta  tanu  da  la  condition  at 
da  la  nattat*  da  l'axamplaira  film*,  at  w 
conformity  avac  laa  eonditiona  du  contrat  da 
filmaga. 

Laa  axamplairaa  originaux  dont  la  couvartura  an 
papiar  aat  imprim4a  sont  filmta  an  commanpant 
par  la  pramiar  plat  at  an  tarminant  soit  par  la 
darniAra  paga  qui  comporta  una  amprainta 
d'Impraaaion  ou  d'llluatration,  soit  par  la  sacond 
plat,  salon  la  caa.  Tous  las  cutras  axamplairaa 
originaux  sont  filmte  an  commandant  par  la 
pramiAra  paga  qui  comports  ura  amprainta 
dimpraaaion  ou  d'llluatration  at  an  tarminant  par 
la  darnlAra  paga  qui  comporta  una  talla 
amprainta. 

Un  daa  symbolaa  suivants  apparaltra  sur  la 
damiira  imaga  da  chaqua  microfiche,  salon  la 
caa:  la  symbole  — •»  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
symbols  ▼  signifie  "FIN". 

Les  cartes,  planchea,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  Atre 
filmte  i  dee  taux  da  reduction  diffirents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  dtre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  cliche,  il  est  film*  *  partir 
de  I'angia  sup*rieur  gauche,  de  gauche  ii  droite. 
et  de  haut  en  baa,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  n*cessaire.  Les  dias^rammes  suivants 
illuatrant  la  mdthoda. 


1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

All 


{ 


* 


AK 


ELEMENTARY  GEOGRAPfll, 


f" 


ADAPTED  TO 


OLNEY'S  OUTLINE  MAPS, 


roB 


COMMON  SCHOOLS  AND  GENERAL 


USE. 


BY  J.  OLNEY,  A.  JVf 

Author  of  3  Geography  and  Ati..  w-* 


FOURTH   EDITION. 


PUBLISHED  BY  PRATT.  WOODFORD 

1852. 


&  CO. 


f  r 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1847,  by 

PRATT,  WOODFORD  k,  CO., 
in  the  Clerk's  Office  of  the  Southern  District  of  New  York. 


Printed  by 

CASE,  TIFFANY  &   CO.f 

Hartford,  Conn. 


PREFACE. 


Amo»o  the  various  branches  of  education,  calculated  to  in- 
Unrest  tl>e  young  and  excite  a  thirst  for  knowledge,  no  one 
holds  a  more  conspicuous  place  than  Geography.  The  reason 
of  th,s  .s  obvious.  I,  treats  of  visible  and  amili.,  objects 
and  directs  the  attention  of  the  learner  to  a  suyec'C^' 
which  he  has  been  led  naturally  and  inevitably  to  fil  Zl 
acquainanee.  For  before  he  is  capable  of ';.ndersLdr 
much  If  anything,  of  many  other  branches  of  education  he 

llTZ    "'"','"  *^  ^'^"^"'"'^  "^-»  "^  *'».  -d  cl  «! 

»o  o    h     k"  ."'  """  '^"""^  ""'^•^'-    Near  the  very 
spot  of  his  birth,  many  and  perhaps  all  the  varieties  of  land 

Lt:"ir '''r'-'"^''^''^-  -^^^^^^-^^^ 

before  him ,  the  hiUs  swell  upward ;  the  brooks,  streams  and 
nvers  flow  onward,   and  in  the  distant  horizo;.  percLt 

ocean,  with  its  gulfs,  bays,  coves  and  harbors,  may  nof  be 

r^dT'f       ^"^  '""^  ""  "''  '^-  "-""P''  "«  -    «t^ 
products  of  every  various  land  and  clime       Thus  An  .J 

graphical  facts  early  become  familiar  to  his  mind  ^ 

The  interest  ho  feels  in  this  study,  and  the  sucoo,,  fl,,.  i. 
crowned  his  labors  in  this  depart^'en.  oftar^r^^t^"^ 
him  to  engage  in  others  more  diflicult  and  abstruse,  and  "pur 
.ue  them  with  zeal  and  assiduity;  and  thus  the  ;outhTed 
on  to  become  a  scholar  and  learned  man 

oitnrr""^  I.'"'  '"""^'-^  ^°*  ""'•  *«  aecompanyin, 
OnUine  Maps.  I  have  aimed  to  9imr,nr„  ,1,1.  u i'^"/'". 

»  a3  to  adapt  it  .0  the  humblest  "aiidm;;;;:*^^:;:".? 
And  m  the  definitions.  iUustrations  and  axrTngemont tf'^ut 


*  PREFACE.. 

tions,  I  have  endeavored  to  give  the  learner  a  clear  knowl- 
edge of  each  step  as  he  advances.  I  have  pursued  the  true 
and  natural  method.  Commencing  with  him  at  his  home,  I 
have  led  him  on  from  the  scenes  which  were  near  and  with 
which  he  was  alreadyfamiliar,  to  those  adjoining  and  more 
distant ;  ever  proceeding  from  the  known  to  the  unknown. 

The  exercises  on  the  maps  have  been  prepared  with  great 
care.  They  probably  will  be  found  more  full,  practical  and 
systematic  in  the  work  of  imparting  a  knowledge  of  physical 
geography  than  any  that  have  preceded  them.  The  questions 
are  calculated  to  exercise  the  understanding  as  well  as  the 
memory:  the  most  important  object  in  all  education;  thus 
conveying  to  the  learner  a  thorough  knowledge  of  each  lesson 
as  he  advances  in  the  study. 

The  Outline  Maps,  it  is  believed,  will  meet  the  approval  of 
all  those  interested  in  the  instruction  of  the  young.  They 
present  a  bold  and  clear  picture,  free  from  all  obscurity,  of 
the  various  portions  of  the  globe,  and  contain  all  that  is  im- 
portant for  the  learner  to  know  in  physical  and  political  geog- 
raphy. With  most  of  the  maps  that  are  put  into  the  hands 
of  the  young  learner,  the  fault  is,  they  contain  too  much. 
They  are  fiUed  up  with  towns,  cities,  rivers,  islands,  &:c.,  to 
such  an  extent  as  to  confuse  his  mind  and  discourage  his  en- 
deavors to  commit  them  to  memory.  But  on  these  maps,  only 
•the  more  important  objects  are  put  down,  and  the  accompa- 
nying exercises  are  arranged  in  such  a  manner  as  to  lead  him 
gradually  on,  and  thus  prevent  all  perplexity,  as  well  as  all 
weariness. 

In  short,  in  preparing  the  following  work,  I  have  aimed  to 
meet  the  wants  of  parents  and  teachers  by  adapting  it  to  the 
capacities  and  requirements  of  the  youthful  mind.  How 
well  I  have  succeeded,  I  leave  it  for  them  to  decide. 

SOUTHINOTON,  Augugtt  1847. 


INTRODUCTORY  LESSON. 


What  is  the  name  of  this  place  ? 
Is  it  a  town— or  a  village— or  a  city  ? 

..n,'  ^^"'^''  ".T'""  "^  '^"•''  "^•"""J^  *«''«™'  ">"»  in  ex- 

Zn      n"  .1. '"'°  '""'=•  ""-l''  ^<-     A  village  i.  . 

.mall  collection  of  houses  and  inhabitants.     A  city  is  a  laree 
collecfon  of  hou.,es  where  a  great  number  ol  peopi  Uv^    ' 
la  the  Und  level  or  uneven  in  this  town  "> 
Are  there  any  hills  in  this  town  ?    Any  mountains  ? 

2.  When  the  land  is  level,  it  is  called  a  Plain.  When  it 
r.ses  to  a  small  height,  it  is  called  a  Hill.  When  it  risTto  a 
great  height,  it  is  called  a  Mountain. 

Did  you  ever  see  a  mountain  ? 

Is  there  any  large  brook-or  river,  in  this  town  ? 

3.  A  brook  is  a  small  stream  of  water-a  river  i,  a  large 
«ream  of  water  All  brooks  and  rivers  run  down  toward,  the 
sea  or  ocean.  Consequently,  those  places  on  a  river  tha  Ire 
farthest  from  the  sea,  must  be  farthest  up  the  river.  Hence 
by  exammtng  a  map-the  course  of  the  rivers  and  stream^ 
you  can  easily  ascertain  what  part  of  the  country  is  A.vC 
or  most  elevated;  and  which  par.  is  W,.    m  lulT:^. 

r.  "v.    J'"'""'  ™"  '"  *'^  P'^'^o'    Then  which  wayl. 
the  land  highest,  and  which  way  lowest .'  ^ 

Are  there  any  ponds  in  this  town  ? 

Does  any  thing  live  in  brooks,  rivera  and  ponds  ? 

.  t^.  J"""*.  "  " .™''"  ^y  »'•  ^^'ter  surrounded  bv  !«„-, 
-  ».e  «  a  iarge  body^of  water  surrounded  by  land.'excep. 


~flT 


6 


INTRODUCTORY   LESSONS. 


Where  streams  run  into  or  out  of  it.  A  swamp  is  low,  soft, 
wet  ground,  generally  unfit  for  cultivation  or  pasturage,  and 
sometimes  covered  with  stagnant  water. 

How  many  kinds  of  Fruit  grow  in  this  town  ? 

How  many  kinds  of  Grain  are  raised  in  this  town  ? 

How  many  kinds  of  Animals  in  this  town  ? 

How  many  kinds  of  Trees  in  this  town  ? 

Are  all  the  articles  of  our  food  produced  in  this  town  ? 

5.  Our  sugar,  molasses;  our  tea,  coffee,  pepper,  spices: 
our  oranges  lemons,  pine  apples,  figs,  raisins,  &c.  are  brought 
to  us  from  distant  or  foreign  countries.  Many  kinds  of  wood, 
used  for  household  furniture,  as  mahogany,  rosewood,  &c.. 
are  brought  from  distant  countries,  as  you  will  learn  here- 
after. 

What  towns  lie  around  this— or  border  upon  it  ? 
How  many  churches  in  this  town  ? 
How  many  pubUc  schools  in  this  town  ?— Academies  ? 
What  is  the  principal  occupation  of  the  people  of  this 
town? 

6.  Those  employed  in  cultivating  the  ground,  raising  com. 
wheat,  rye,  potatoes,  &c.,  are  cnUed , Farmers,  or  Agricultur- 
ists.  Those  employc^d  in  making,  by  hand  or  machinery, 
chairs,  clocks,  cloths,  hats,  knives,  books,  &c.,  &c.,  are  called 
Mechanics,  or  Manufacturers.  Those  engaged  in  trade,  in 
purchasing  and  selling  goods,  are  called  Merchants. 

Have  you  ever  been  in  any  town  or  city,  beside  this  ? 

How  many  cities  or  towns  can  you  mention  ? 

What  is  the  name  of  this  county  ? 

Can  you  tell  me  the  shire  or  county  town  ? 

7    The  Shire  or  County  town  is  the  capital  of  the  county. 
In  this  the  county  and  higher  courts  are  held.    It  contains  a 


mXHODUCTORY   LESSONS. 


court-house,  in  whioh  ♦»,« 
Which  cWmina,,,':  LI::     '     ''  ""'  '  ^""'  "'  P"»".  '» 
Can  you  mention  any  Biver  in  this  county  ? 

SAP      I  •  ^aiiroaa  m  this  county  ? 

and  flllea  wt  :a:e.'Twhi  t  "  t ''"^'  ""'^  '"  *«  -H. 

laid  or  fastened  flat  bar,  Inl  1!   k'     T"'  ""  ""'""'  »" 
carriage,  ,o  run  on.  "'  ""^  '"'^^'  <"^  'he  car,  or 

'  *  """'"y  ^^?    Of  Kveral  towns. 

What  is  the  name  of  this  State  ? 
What  IS  Its  capital  ? 

have  .wo  Capital,.     Ha,  thi,  S^t^  .'^^f '"*'•     So""  State. 
^  any  part  of  this  State  border  „„  a 
Have  you  ever  been  in  ^^C^'Z"'  "^  ' 

Can  you  tell  me  the  namo  «^  *u« 

^ti;the«.pita,^„r::SsT5V%': 

^  which  grand  division  are  th^  jt-^TI    ^^^^*^' 
^th  what  is  North  A^eZln^^  -- 

What  do  North  and  Soufh  a       •  ®'  ^• 

tinent  ^^  ^"<*  Amenca constitute ?    Aeon- 

j,^.  »BMARKS. 

the  e::.^rz.dt  ^ir^ete'^T™'' '■''- 

of  hearing  of  new  „i.„..        .  *  '"'*•     ^"W.  Xon  are  all  f„„H 

(f  not  aUof  you.  ;;;u°Lre"ifTr''""''"'^-    ^""mo;.: 

*•  '^  "  '^«"  PO'siWe.  to  vi.i,  th. 


i*  '"I 


8 


INTRODUCTORY    LESSONS. 


various  parts  of  this  great  world  in  which  we  live-see  the 
people  of  the  different  countries-their  cities,  towns  and  vil- 
la-es-the  various  kinds  of  animab-the  birds,  trees,  plants 
and  llowers-the  Aiountains,  seas,  lakes,  rivers,  &c.,  &c. 
For  few,  very  few.  are  the  men,  woincn  or  children,  who  feel 
no  pleasure  in  the  thought  of  seeing  what  they  have  never 

seen  before. 

But,  although  you  cannot  travel  over  this  great  world,  you 
^  can,  bv  reading  and  by  the  study  of  maps  and  books,  ob- 
*   tain  a' very  correct  knowledge  of  its  form,  size,  the  dillerent 
countries,  and  the  various  productions. 

This  world-although  the  land  may  appear  in  some  parts 
level,  in  others,  uneven  with  hills,  mountains  and  valloys-is 
round  like  a  ball  or  orange.  It  is  not  round  and  flat  like  a 
cent  or  penny,  or  like  the  flat  map  before  you,  but  it  is  round 
in  all  directions.  It  is  impossible,  however,  to  make  a  flat 
surface  of  paper  look  like  a  round  ball.  The  map  of  the. 
world,  with  its  circles  drawn  upon  it,  is  perhaps  as  true  a 
picture  of  a  round  body  on  a  flat  surface  as  it  is    possible 

Now,  when  you  look  on  "The  Map  of  the  Woild."  you 
will  notice  that  it  consists  of  two  parts.    One  part  is  called 
the  Eastern  Hemisphere ;  the  other,  the  Western  Hemisphere 
The  word  Hemispliere  means  half  a  globe.     It  is  formed  of 
two  words,  viz:   hemi  and  ,phere.     Hmi  means  W/,  and 
■  .pkm  means  a  globe  or  ball.    Consequently,  when  the  word 
kemuphere  is  applied  to  the  earth,  it  means  ""f-h^'^  «[  ''• 
Hence,  the  Eastern  Hemisphere  is  a  picture  of  one-half  of 
the  earth,  and  the  Western  Hemisphere  is  a  picture  of  the 
other  half;  and  consequently  both  hemispheres  form  a  pio- 
ture  or  map  of  the  whole  of  the  earth. 

Now,  if  you  examine  either  hemisphere,  you  wul  see  that 
i,  consists  of  two  parts,  viz:  Land  and  Water.  And  you 
will  notice  how  large  a  space  i.  occupied  by  water.    ^^  heth- 


— see  the 
3  and  vil- 
38,  plants 
&;c.,  &c. 
,  who  feel 
ave  never 

vorld,  you 
jooks,  ob- 
0  diilerent 

ouie  parts 
valleys — is 
flat  like  a 
it  is  round 
lake  a  flat 
nap  of  the  ^ 
i  as  true  a 
is   possible 

i^orld,"  you 
\Tt  is  called 
[emisphere. 
s  formed  of 
s  half,  and 
n  the  word 
i-half  of  it. 
one-half  of 
cture  of  the 
form  a  pic- 

«rill  see  that 
■.    And  you 

BI,       \Tf  uulii- 


INTRODUCTORY    LESSONS. 


-«  .l,„es  covered  b; Ul.  waTe r     ''  '"  '""'"''  ""  '»  <•"- 

You  will  also  notice  that  thpr^  i<i  r««     i     ^ 
or  .he  ™ap  .ha„  .owardst  "bl.  .ll  7  '"*"'' '""  '"P 
mo,.ly  land,  while  a.  the  lower  r/.  i,  "'"''"  ""'  "  " 

wa.er.    ReccM.ly  land  h!  ' ,        "^i  "''P"""  '"  ''«  •"<"<'/ 

em  par.  of  .1.  gbie!  oati 'f  ti  "T"""'  """  ""e  ^.tZ 
"  1-  no.  beo.  Lire  emJtpl^Ld T",'"  '"'"""•"'''  ""' 
•ell  whe.her  i.  is  i„habi.ed  or  noT  "'  "'''  "  "^ 

Now,  in  order  to  nualifv  vnn  t«  »♦  j     , 
the  various  „.es.iol  ^^.h"   wo    "tti^.r '""'"'"'"" 
you  .0  eo^n.!.  .o  n.e™or.  .he  foLow^  C'«-~'  '" 


^-   '''Cat  IS  ueography  ? 

A.  A  description  of  the  Earth's  surface. 


i  KS!S 


10 


INTRODUCTORY   LESSONS. 


Q.  What  do  we  mean  hy  "  The  Earth  ?" 

A.  The  world—or  globe— or  bdll— we  iive  on. 

Q.  Of  what  does  the  Earth's  surface  consist  ? 

A.  Of  land  and  water. 

10.  About  one-fourth  of  the  Earth's  surface  is  land:  the 
remaining  three-fourths  are  water.  The  great  body  of  salt 
water  on  the  globe  is  called  «  The  Sea"  or  «*  The  Ocean." 
Though  flowing  together  as  one  mass,  different  portions  for 
the  sake  of  convenience  are  called  by  different  names,  as  you 
will  learn  hereafter. 


2.  NATURAL  DIVISIONS  OF  LAND. 
Q.  How  is  the  land  divided  ? 

A.  Into  Continents,  Islands,  Peninsulas,  Isthmuses, 
Capes,  Mountains,  Coasts,  &c. 
Q.  What  is  a  Continent  ?         . 

A.  It  is  a  vast  extent  or  division  of  land — as  Amer- 
ica. 


INTRODUCTORY   LESSONS. 


•  < 


11 


Q.  What  is  an  Island? 

A.  It  is  a  portion  of  land,  surrounded  by  water^ 
as  Australia.  ^  waier^ 

Q.  What  is  a  Peninsula? 

Q.  What  is  an  Isthmus  ? 

of  tnd'  \IT"Z  ''"P  "^'^  """"^'"^  '^0  bodies 
ot  landk-as  the  isthmus  of  Darien. 

VJ-  What  is  a  Cape  ? 

A.  It  is  a  point  of  land  extending  into  a  larg.  bodv 
of  M.ater-as  Cape  Horn,  Cape  of  Good  Ho^f        ' 

angle  or  sharp  Doi«  i,  T  n  ^     ^^  terminates  in  an  acute 
Wd  p17  """'"  "  P"'"'—  Montank  Point. 

Q.  What  is  a  Mountain  ? 
Al^s'.  ^' ''  "  *""'*  '''""'°°  °^  •'"*'-'"  the  Andes, 


13 


INTRODUCTOKT   LESSONS. 


12.  When  the  land  rises  to  a  small  height,  it  is  called  a 
«iU.     The  space  or  depression  between  mountains,  or  be- 
tween hills,  is  called  a  Valley.     When  the  land  is  level,  or 
mosily  level,  it  is  called  a  Plain.     A  high  and  extensive  plain 
IS  called  a  Table  Land-as  the  Table  Lands  of  Mexico. 
Those  extensive  plains,  or  natural  meadows,  in  the  Western 
States,  are  called  Prairies;  in  the  Southern  States,  Savan- 
nahs;  m  Asia,  Steppes;  and  in  South  America,  Llanos  or 
Pampas.     The  tops  of  the  highest  mountain^,  even  in  the 
warmest  regions  of  the  earth,  are  covered  with  ice  and  snow 
dunng  the  whole  year.     Several  mountains  connected  together 
are  called  a  Range  or  Chain  of  Mountains-^^  the  Andes, 
Kocky  Mountains. 

Q.  What  is  a  Volcano? 

A.  It  is  a  burning  mountain— as  Mount  Etna,  Ve- 
suvius, Hecla.  ' 

13.  A  volcano  sends  forth  from  its  top,  fire,  smoke  and 
melted  stones,  called  Lava.  The  openihg  or  mouth,  from 
which  these  issue,  is  called  the  Crater.  When  fire  and  smoke 
burst  forth,  it  is  called  an  Eruption.  Many  of  the  mountains 
m  America  near  the  equator  are  volcanoes— as  Cotopaxi. 

Q.  What  is  a  Shore  or  Coast  ? 

A.  It  is  a  margin  of  land  bordering  on  water--as 
the  coast  of  Brazil,  Massachusetts,  &c.,  dec. 

14  The  land,  however,  bordering  on  a  river,  is  usually 
called  its  Banks.  High  Banks,  presenting  an  abrupt  form 
towards  the  rivei,  are  called  Bluff;,.  The  right  bank  is  that 
on  Uie  right  side  as  you  descend  the  river.  The  opposite  bank 
iaiheleft 

Q.  What  is  a  Desert?  . 

^A.  It  is  a  barren  tract  of  land,  usually  consisting 
of  8aiid^--a8  the  desert  of  Sahftm^,    ^  . 


mTHODtrCTORF  LESSON 


miles  long  and  1  000  b  "V'T  "^""'  "'  """•'  "'"•"  '•<""' 
islands,  c!ued  Oa«!  ^^t  T'""'  ''  '*'""«  'P°"'  ""e 
have  s^rini  of  r,L  ,  ^  °^  "'^"^  "  *'''^^''°-  •"»«" 
fertility!  a"drffoMl:,r  T  """"^  '"  """'  "--X  -"d 
.ha.  a';  o";^  r  l^T^^^^^  ""-^  --- 

barbarous  Peop.^ound tdk^r;U^T::"'  """'  "' 
wandering  and  others  stationarv      oH    f  '"'  *""' 

boos  and  the  Tauricks  Th!  .  I  '"'*'•  "*  *«  ^ib- 
separated  from  those  ^f  f  ^rV^^"*^  "^  ^f-a  are  only 
the  Red  Sea     ThTl^  .    ^     "  ""'"^  °'" »''«  N"«  ""d 

part  Of  A  '  -is  o 'gr^rext:^  "  "'  """"°' '"  *^  -"'»• 
vated  plains,  oor^orlTn'  ^    '         '"'"«  "''  "  ^''"'^  ''f  «!«- 

p-n^.  a  /rSTn^fr;:;  nir:r  "':• '' 
^u:t!:i-„~-^  b/s^aurerrhifh  r.ir^ 

-"="'  pasture.    It  contains  several  «a,  lake. 


14 


INTRODUCTORY   LESSONS. 


and  a  few  fertile  oases,  scattered  here  and  there  like  islands  in 
;^e  ocean.  In  the  western  part  of  the  United  States  is  "  The 
"treat  American  Desert."  This  is  traversed  by  lar-^o  rirers 
ind  produces  some  tre^s  and  shrubs,  but  has  a  son  inoapa- 
ule  of  cultivation. 


3.  NATURAL  DIVISIONS  OF  WATER. 

Q.  How  is  the  water  divided  ? 

A.  Into  Oceans,  Seas,  Archipelagoes,  Gulfs,  Bays, 
Lakes,  Straits,  Rivers,  &c. 

Q.  What  is  an  Ocean  ? 

A.  It  is  a  vast  body  of  salt  water— -as  the  Atlantic. 

16.  All  the  oceans  are  connected  and  form  one  vast  body  of 

ialt  water.     Different  parts  for  the  sake  of  convenience  are 

called  by  different  names— as  the  Pacific,  the  Atlantic,  the 

ludian,  Arctic  and  Southern  Ocean. 

O-    WKftt  ia  a   «/»«  9 

A.  It  is  a  large  body  of  salt  water  mostly  sur- 
o  unded  by  land—as  the  Mediterranean,  Red  Sea. 


ISTEODlrCTOinr   LESSOMS.  |5 

Q.  Wbat  is  an  Archipelago  ? 

A.  It  is  a  body  of  water  containing  many  i.U„d«_ 
as  the  Grecian  Archipelago,  east  of  Greece. 

Q.  What  18  a  Gulf  or  Bay  ? 

the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  Hudson's  Bay. 

tfi.  Small  Bays  are  called  Creeks    T«io»a    o  tt 

and  Harhnr-      a  ^T       '®®*^^'  ^a'ets,  Coves,  Havens 

and  Harbors.    A  narrow  Creek  or  Xnlot  is  called  a  Bavou  in 
tauisiana  and  adjoining  States.  ^       * 

Q.  What  IS  a  Lake? 

1  J*  "^  ^T  ^"^^  °^  ^"'^  ^"^^''  surrounded  by  ' 
land—as  Lake  Ontario.  ^ 

19.  Lakes  that  have  no  outlet  are  generally  salt      Th«  . 

z  i^.r„:z,-:;  *-  ~irr  "  -^ '- 

"®  channel  or  outlet  fnr  it. 

lakes  are  called  Ponds.  '      '^^     ^*"*" 

0-  What  is  a  River  ? 
a    A  large  stream  of  waler_as  the  Mississippi. 

The  count,,  fro™  .hioh  «,«  .,.,„  of  .  rU  are  l'^;; 


16 


INTRODUCTCffeY   LESSONS. 


called  its  Basin,  or  Valley— as  the  Valley  of  the  Mississippi, 
the  Valley  of  the  Amazon.  The  space  occupied  by  the  deep- 
est water  of  a  river,  is  called  its  Bed  or  Channel.  The  widen- 
ing of  a  river  at  its  mouth,  is  called  a  Frith,  or  Firth,  or 
Estuary. 

Q.  What  is  a  Strait? 

A.  It  is  a  narrow  passage  which  connects  two  bod- 
ies of  water— as  the  Strait  of  Gibraltar. 

20.  A  wide  Strait  is  usually  called  a  Channel.  A  channel 
so  shallow  that  its  depth  may  be  measured  with  a  lead  and 
line,  is  called  a  Sound — as  Long  Island  Sound. 

QueBtiont.  In  what  direction  do  the  Equator,  Tropics,  and 
Parallels  of  Latitude  extend  .'  In  what  direction  do  the  Me- 
ridians? Do  the  Parallels  and  Meridians  appear  to  extend 
East  and  West,  and  North  and  South,  on  the  maps  ?  Why 
are  they  all  circles  ?  Into  how  many  degrees  is  every  circle 
divided  ? 


INTHODUCTORY   LBSSOIfS. 


^  17 

Q.  MThat  is  a  Canal  ? 


Oelr'  »  the  diffo^nc  between  a  Continent  and  «. 
va^t.^Vrir;"''"^'"^^  "''»'••    An  ocean  i,. 

Q.  What  ,s  the  difference  between  a  P    •      i 
Sea  ?  "euween  a  Fenmsula  and  a^ 

A.  A  peninsula  is  a  bodv  nf  io«,i 
'«««r.    A  sea  is  a  body  S      .    °"^^  ""•«>"nded  b,. 
^^j  ^^°^'^* '''>'<»•  mostly  surrounded  bj 

St^t^"  is  the  diffe^nce  between  an  Isthmus  and  . 

^'   An  isthmus  ;«  »  «-«___     .  . 
bodies  of  land.    A  "8t;i;T37„  *"  '""'"  *"»"'«'•»  *"«> 
nects  two  bodies  of  water.  '"^^  '"^"h  «>»- 

2* 


18 


INTRODUCTORY    LESSONS. 


22.  An  isthmus  connects  land  and  divides  water,  and  a 
strait  connects  water  and  divides  land.  Thus  the  Isthmus  of 
Darien  connects  North  and  South  America,  and  divides  the 
Caribbean  Sea  from  the  Pacific  Ocean.  The  Strait  of  Dover 
connects  the  North  Sea  and  the  British  Channel,  and  divides 
France  from  England.  It  is  to  be  regretted  that  in  many  in- 
stances geographical  terms  have  been  improperly  applied  to 
portions  of  land  and  water.  Hindostan  is  called  a  peninsula, 
also  Corea,  Florida,  Yucatan,  &c.  But  strictly  speaking 
these  are  not  peninsulas.  No  isthmus,  or  narrow  strip,  con- 
nects them  to  a  larger  portion  of  land.  The  body  of  water 
East  of  Hindostan  is  called  the  Bay  of  Bengal,  while  that  on 
the  West  is  called  the  Sea  of  Arabia.  If  one  is  a  sea,  or 
bay,  so  Is  the  other.  Numerous  others  might  be  mentioned. 
These  names,  however,  it  should  be  remei.ibered,  were  ap- 
plied by  the  first  discoverers  or  inhabitants,  and  although  in- 
correctly, they  have  ever  been  retained.  Hence,  in  preparing 
a  work  on  geography,  an  author  is  compelled  to  use  such 
terms  and  names  as  mankind  have  given  to  certain  portions 
>of  land  and  water,  although  scientifically  incorrect. 


4.  MAPS. 

Xj.  WbjitisaMap? 

A.  It  is  a  picture  of  a  part  or  the  whole  of  the 
•earth's  surface,  representing  the  form  of  continents, 
islands,  oceans,  seas,  lakes,  rivers,  &c. 

23   The  tqp  ^  the  map  represents  the  North ;  the  righi 
Aanrf,  East ;  the  bmouh  South  j  the  left  hand.  West. 


INTRODUCTORY    LESSONS. 


19 


1.  The  four  points, 
North,  East,  South, 
West,    are    called    the 

"Cardinal  Points  of  the 

Compass,**  which 

means  they  are  the  prin- 
cipal or  chief  points. 

2.  The  lines  drawn 
from  the  top  to  the  bot- 
tom of  the  map  are 
called  Meridians,  or 
lines  of  Longitude.  The 
lines  drawn  from  side  ^,^ 

to  side  are  called  Parallels  of  Latitude. 

not  l'!!^:sTiV^:  rr'^^^'"°^^^«-^p«*<je. 

The  %ures  aloL    ht   T     /'°'"  '^'  P^ncipal  meridian. 
latitnT    V     ^  Sides  of  maps,  express  the  degrees  of 

latitude,  or  distance  from  the  equator 

stats'^'k^n.tms  T  "  T^^'  '^^"""^  ^^^  ^-"^^-s  of 
oe.^a,la.e,  river  or  mountain-^ther^^ 


K.  P  Which  are  the  four^cardt^  ^oi^ .1^  ^^ 
you  describe  a  map  in  regard  to  the  points  of  compass  ^  tL. 
top  represents  the  North,  the  rijrht  hand  F^JT  I'  ^ 
Meridians  or  lines  of  longitude  dtwn  f  Patllet  of  l^tiL": 
How  are  the  boundaries  of  states.  kin..nJ!.r  °^'^'^'"^"  * 
^^2^  is  no  natural  bounda^~^rn=:| 


20 


INTEODUCTORY   LESSONS. 


5.  THE  EARTH. 
Q.  What  names  are  appHed  to  the  Earth  ? 

A.  The  World,  the  Globe,  the  Sphere,  the  Ball 
we  live  on. 

Q.  What  is  the  Axis  of  the  earth  ? 
A.  It  is  an  imaginary  line  passing  through  its  cen- 
ter  from  North  to  South. 
Q.  What  are  the  Poles  of  the  earth? 
A.  The  ends  of  the  axis. 

VnuT'^  "T''"'"  "'"''""'''^  °^  '^^  ^"^^  i«  «^»«d  the  North 
Pole,  the  southern  extremity  the  South  Pole.  If  you  examine 
ttie  map  of  the  world,  you  will  perceive  that  the  North  anrl 
oou,n  roies  are  on  both  hemispheres,  because  each  hem~ir 
sphere  shows  but  one  side  of  the  same  pole. 


INTRODUCTORY    LESSONS.  2| 

Q.  What  is  the  size  or  bulk  of  the  earth  ? 

A.  It  is  about  twenty.five  thousand  miles  in  cir. 
cumference,  or  around  it;  and  eight  thousand  in  di- 
ameter,  or  through  it. 

25  A  line  to  extend  round  the  earth,  must  be  about  twenty- 
five  thousand  miles  long,  and  a  line  to  extend  through  the  cen- 
ter  of  It,  about  eight  thousand  miles  long.     Suppose  the  earth 

ZZ^\       :  '"^  ^  '"''^  '°"'^  ^""'^  °"«  ^^^"«-"d  'niles  a 
month,  how  long  would  it  take  him  to  travel  around  it? 

Q.  What  is  the  Equator  or  Equinoctial  Une  ? 

ATf  i*a   «»    ;  •  .       ,  CIRCLES. 

•  it  is  an  imaginary  circle 

or  line,  extending  round  the 
earth  from  East  to  West,  at  an 
equal  distance  from  each  Pole., 

26.  The  equator  divides  the  earth 
into  northern  and  southern  hemi- 
spheres. The  northern  hemisphere 
embraces  all  between   the  equator  ^^^^^ 

called  ,™p,y  the  Line  '     ^^  "I"*""'  "  *"»«"'»«» 

Q-  What  are  the  Tropics  ? 

^  27.  The  circle  north  of  the  eauator  i«  o«iio^  .u.  t___,       - 

.e..  ^z  te  :-r c  r r : «- »-  - 


22 


INTHODUCTOR'!     LK8SONS. 


Q.  What  are  the  r.)Ur  Circl  « 
A.  They   are  two  mrcles  extending  round   the 
earth  23^  degrees  from  the  Poles. 

The  one  near  the  No, rh  Pole  i»  called  the    Arctic  Circle, 
and  the  one  near  the  South  Pnh,  the  Antarctic  Circle. 
Q.  What  are  Meridians,  op  Lint  s  of  Longitude  ? 

MERIDIANS. 

A.  They  are  circles  or  lines 
that  extend  from  pole  to  pole 
across  the  equator. 

28.  Meridians  or  lines  of  longitude 
are  represented  on  maps  by  lines  ex- 
tending from  the  top  to  the  bottom. 

Q.  What  fe     Par  flels  of  Latitude  ? 

A.  They  are   circles  or  lines 
that  extend  round  the  earth  from 
loast  to  west. 


29.  The  parallels  of  latitude  are  rep- 
resented on  maps  by  lines  drawn  from 
side  to  Vide.  The  Equator,  Tropics, 
Meridians,  and  Parallels  are  circles, 
although  some  of  them  appear  on  the  map  to  be  straight  line.^ 
Every  circle  is  supposed  to  be  divided  into  360  degrees,  and 
every  degree  into  60  minutes  or  geographical  miles,  and  every 
minute  or  mile  into  60  seconds. 


INTRODUCTORY   LESSONS. 


23 


6.  LATITUDE  AND  LONGITUDE. 
Q.  What  is  Latitude  ?  '    , 

^A^  It  is  distance  from  the   equator  towa.Js  the 

All  Xctl'l'^r'  °'  *'  '^"'^^'^'  "^  '"  "°^^^  '^'^'-^^' 

All  Places  south  of  the  equator  are  in  south  latitude      PlRn«. 
under  the  equator  have  no  latitud.^as  Qjdto 
Q.  What  is  Longitu  i«  ?  ^ 

eaht  EaftoMW  '""  '"^ -"""""«<» -'<!-. 
31.  Most  nations  reckon  the  longitude  from  the  canital  of 

;.ip^  rtr:r,rr:rc7on?ar:t 

however  ih«  r„„  ••  J     .       '""-"•     "n  most  of  our  maps, 
ftowever.  the  Longitude  ,s  computed  both  from  Washington 

r.r,t  Mendian,  and  ,s  marked  0  on  the  map.  Places  that  Uo 
under  th.s  have  no  Longitude:  those  which  are  situated  East 
of  n^^are  .„  East  Longitude;  those  West  of  it.  in  West  W 

32.  The  use  of  Latitude  and  Longitude  is  to  enable  us  to 
de^rmme  the  situation  of  places  on  the  „obe  and  the  r"  s 
m„...   .0.,  each  o.her.     And  if  we  know  the  Latitude  of  a 

eUmato      „:" ''"<^™'°«' ^^"^  "««'/. «'-«  temperature  of  it, 
ehmato      The  nearer  a  place  is  to  the  Equator,  the  wa™e, 

1T:1  Il^'^'T^r-  "'""■"«'•  -  "  high  mount- 
^  ...T<x»w«  iiiucn  aoove  the  ievej  oi  the  ocean    th« 

eUmate  wiU  be  tomperate.  although  it  is  near  the  E^tor 

An  elevation  of  500  yards  within  the  Tropics  prodlTsle 


24 


INTRODUCTORY  LESSONS. 


same  effect  in  regard  to  temperature  as  a  distance  of  5,000 
miles  from  the  Equator. 

Q.  How  are  Latitude  and  Longitude  r(ickoned  ? 
A.  In  degrees,  minutes  and  seconds. 

33.  Sixty  seconds  make  one  minute,  and  sixty  minutes 
make  one  degree.  A  minute  is  called  a  geographical  mile. 
Hence  60  geographic  miles  make  a  degree  :  and  69^  statute 
or  English  miles  %iake  one  degree.  Consequently,  if  you 
multiply  the  number  of  degrees  of  Latitude  between  any  two 
places  by  69^,  you  will  ascertain  the  distance  in  English 
miles. 

At  the  Equator,  degrees  of  Longitude  and  Latitude  are  of 
the  same  length.  But  as  you  go  from  the  Equator,  either 
North  or  South,  a  degree  of  Longitude  becomes  constantly 
less,  until  at  the  Poles,  it  terminates  e^t  a  point.  At  the 
Equator,  a  degree  of  Longitude  is  69i  English  miles ;  in  Lat- 
itude 40  degrees,  it  is  46  miles ;  in  Latitude  60,  it  is  30  miles, 
and  at  the  Poles  0.  A  degree  of  Latitude  is  as  long  at  the 
Poles  as  at  the  Equator,  viz.,  69^  English  miles.  The  great- 
est Latitude  a  place  can  have  is  90  degrees,  and  the  greatest 
Longitude,  ISO  degrees. 


7.  ZONES. 
Q.  What  are  Zones  ? 

A.  Divisions  of  the  earth's  surface,  formed  by  the 
Tropics  and  Polar  Circles. 

34.  The  word  Zone  means  a  belt  or  girdle,  because  it  pass- 
es round  the  earth. 

Q.  How  many  Zones  arc  there  ? 
A.  Five,  viz :  one  torrid,  two  temperate,  and  two 
frigid  zones. 


nee  of  5,000 


IHTRODtrCTOHT  LKSSOMS. 


highest  rno.nt.iL     lU^:^7r' ■r^'T  *"  •°'"  °^  *« 
mal  and  vegetable      1!^/  u       P"^"""™''  both  ani- 
r»fl-«  1,         *^'°'"®-     This  IS  the  home  of  the  lion,  tieer  ai 
tatre,  hippopotamus  and  elephant      Thn  for    .  *      ^ 

in  perpetual  verdure,  and  otC'ue^'Zu  Z  *""* 
blossom  hang  side  by  side  on  the  sameUee  tL  .  kT"'"^ 
are  of  a  dark  oomnloii,.^   1  j  ,  °*  mhabitanu 

»ric  complexion,  indolent  and  effeminate      Ti,™ 
live  usually  in  slightly  built  dwellings  ^ 

er.  between  the  Tropic  of  Cnnr.' 1.  1    7°"^'     ^^^  °»^- 

the  South  Temperate  Zone  "  Th"  """"  '"''^"^^^^"c  Circle. 

-  becau«>  th^  Tmfn  Jm  ^Zs^r'^r  ""^T" 
have  fair  complexions  and  regular  fcatut'!'"":  ^.1^^ 


26 


INTRODUCTORY    LESSONS. 


Temperate  Zone,  they  are  noted  for  industry,  intelligence  and 
energy,  and  for  having  ever  led  the  way  in  human  improve- 
ment  and  civilization.  They  are  justly  called  the  Historical 
Races. 

37.  The  Frigid  Zones  embrace  those  parts  of  the  earth's 
surface  which  lie  between  the  Polar  Circles  and  the  Poles. 

They  are  called /rtgtrf  from  the  intense  cold  which  prevails 
there  for  the  greater  part  of  the  year.  Vegetation  is  confined 
to  mosses,  a  few  stunted  trees,  shrubs  and  grasses.  Only  the 
hardiest  animals,  as  the  reindeer,  white  bear,  musk  ox,  and 
a  few  others,  can  find  subsistence  in  these  icy  regions.  The 
inhabitants  are  few  in  number,  of  low  stature,  swarthy  com- 
plexions, and  are  noted  for  their  ignorance  and  stupidity. 

Quettions.  How  many  zones  are  there?  What  part  of 
the  earth's  surface  does  the  Torrid  Zone  embrace  ?  The 
North  Temperate  ?  North  Frigid  ?  In  which,  zone  are  we  ? 
In  which  zone  are  the  people  most  industrious,  intelligent  and 
persevering .' 


8.  NATURAL  AND  POLITICAL   GEOGRAPHY. 

Q.  Into  how  many  parts  is  Geography  divided  ? 

A.  Into  two:  Natural  or  Physical  Geography, 
and  Political  Geography.  -^ 

Q.  What  does  Natural  or  Physical  Geography  describe  ? 

A.  The  works  of  nature :  the  continents,  islands, 
oceans,  seas,  rivers,  mountains ;  and  the  soil,  cli- 
mate, productions,  &c.,  of  different  countries. 

38.  All  the  various  objects  on  the  earth  are  divided  into 
three  classes  or  kingdoms :  the  mineral,  the  vegetable,  and  the 
animal  kingdom. 

1 .  The  mineral  kingdom  includes  all  earths,  stones,  metals, 
gaits,  waters,  and  mineral  combustibles. 


IKTBODtrCTOBT   LESSONS. 


27 

Jn^'  '''**•""•  '"'"^■"'■»  '-"«'-  «"'  tree,,  ,h™b,  „d 
3.  The  "nimri  kingdom  includes  all  liviag  creature,. 


Q.  What  does  Political  Geog^phy  describe  ? 
A.   The  works  and  institutions  of  men  •  th,.ir„„„ 
ernment,  religion  and  civilization  •  thSr.,,     T" 

of  building  and  traveling;  their  oiiiet     , We  '  ^ol J 
and  various  arts.  ^^^^ages,  roads, 

in  cZeo.fr'''  '""  '"°"""^'  '^^"^'^^"^  -  —%  .aught 


Q.  Do  all 
A.  Id 


9.  THE   NATIONS  OF  THE  EARTH. 
"  ^  B  nations  of  the  earth  resemble  each  other? 
y  respects  they  do  not 


They  diffe 


r  in 


28 


INTRODUCTORY   LESSONS. 


complexion,  form  and  features ;  in  the  language  they 
speak ;  in  their  dress,  food,  manners,  customs,  &c. 

39.  The  various  nations  are  thus  naturally  divided  into  five 
races  or  types,  viz.,  the  European  or  Caucasian,  the  Asiatic 
or  Mongolian,  the  Malay,  the  Negro  or  African,  and  the  In- 
dian or  American. 

1.  The  European  race  has  regular  features  and  a  fair  com- 
plexion. It  includes  the  Europeans  and  their  descendants  in 
America,  the  Turks,  Tartars,  Arabians,  Persians,  Hindoos, 
Abyssinians,  Egyptians  and  Moors. 

2.  The  Asiatic  race  has  a  yellow  complexion,  and  includes 
the  Chinese,  Japanese,  the  Siberian  tribes,  Laplanders,  Green- 
landers,  and  Esquimaux  Indians. 

3.  The  Malay  race  has  a  brown  complexion,  and  includes 
the  inhabitants  of  Malay,  the  Asiatic  islands  and  New  Zea- 
land. 

4.  The  Negro  or  African  race  has  a  black  complexion,  and 
includes  the  Negroes  of  Africa,  New  Guinea,  Australia,  &c. 

6.  The  Indian  or  American  race  has  a  copper-colored  com- 
plexion, and  includes  all  the  Indians  of  America,  except  the 
Esquimaux. 


id 


10.  STATE  OF  SOCIETY. 
Q.  With  respect  to  their  social  state,  into  how  many 
classes  may  men  be  divided  ? 

A.  Into  four,  viz.,  the  savage,  half-civilized,  civil- 
ized and  enlightened.  See  symbols  on  the  map  of 
the  world, 

4-0.    1.    Tn  tViA  *n.nn.tt»  »t/tf»    ■ma.v%  tia.iall...  i:..^  u.-  i ^« ^      i 

— o~  —'—'—J  •«iv-a-.  «cr«t»xi)r  liVw  uj  iiuiiung  anQ 

fishing.     Tlieir  wants  are  few,  and  they  live  almost  like 


lUTEODtJCTORY  LESSONS.  g^ 

bea«t8.  in  miserable  huts,  dens  and  caverns      Th.. 


11.  GOVERNMENT. 
Q.  WhatiaineaiktbyGovenuneiit? 
A.  The  power  that  makes  and  executes  the  laws. 

41.  Among  different  nations  there  are  various  form«  r 
government,  some  adopting  one  kind  J^  ?         ""^ 

cordint,  tn  tk«,s.    •   •!•      •  ^"^  ^"^®  another,  ac- 

coramg  to  their  civihzat  on,  intpllitxpnno  ^^a    • 

42    WJiAn  ♦J.x*  »nieiiigence  and  circumstahces. 

If  U.e  powe,  or  .he  Ui.,«  ^  U.u:'d  ^  /r.^       l^:^'^-^- 
..ed  or  constitutional  monarchy,  like  .hat  o^  England     uZ 

rj:ha:o7'K  rr;^; --r  -.r4  ~^- 

43.  When  the  government  is  condunt^d  h.^  ^. v  _ 

by  t.e  people  as  their  agents  or  representa~ti7esri;T;:i^": 
^hc,  hke  that  of  the  United  States. 


re 


80 


XNTBODtrCTOftY  LESSONS. 


44.  Small  governments  conducted  by  dukes*  princes,  &c.| 
are  monarchies  on  a  small  scale,  and  are  called  duchies, 
principalities,  &c. 


12»  POLITICAL  DIVISIONS, 
Q.  What  is  a  Tillage? 

A.  A  small  collection  of  houses  and  inhabitants. 
What  18  a  city  ? 

A.  A  large  collection  of  houses  and  inhabitants, 
governed  by  a  mayor,  aldermen,  &c. 

Q.  What  18  a  town? 

A.  A  tract  of  country  usually  several  miles  in 
extent,  and  not  so  thickly  inhabited  as  a  village  or 


^2«  T  9 


INTRODtrCTORY  LESSONS. 


81 


Q.  Of  what  does  a  county  consist  ? 

A.  Of  several  towns. 

Q.  Of  what  does  a  state  consist  ? 

A.  Of  several  counties  united  under  one  govern, 
ment.  ® 

45.  In  South  Carolina,  instead  of  counties,  these  division, 
are  caUed  districts ;  and  in  Louisiana,  parishes. 

rist?  '^"^  ^^  '^^  "P"''""  "^  '^  ^"^  State,  con- 

A.  Of  several  states  united  under   one   general 
government,  at  the  head  of  which  is  a  president. 

Vi.  What  18  a  kingdom  ? 
^^A.  A  country  ruled  by  a  king,  or  queen,  asEng. 

Q.  Of  what  does  an  empire  conmrt  ? 
Rut'ia^*^  '*''*"''  countries  ruled  by  an  empehJr,  as 

48.  Political  divisions  are  portion,  of  the  earth',  surface 
wh,oh  usually  contain  men  of  one  nation,  who  speak  the  .am! 
language,  and  are  subject  to  the  same  laws.  Emil.  how! 
ever,  frequently  comprise  various  naUons  of  mZ^lnZl 
ges  and  institutions,  as  Russia  and  Turkey. 


13.    RELIGION. 
Q.  In  what  do  all  race,  of  men  beKeve  ? 

se.t/V'"'  *''.'''""'°'  "'■  ^"^  '""^iW"  being,  pos. 
sessed  of  superior  nowAr  *  *^ 

Jl  .?'  I'*'"  "^  ""^^  "*•  '"'^•^*''  >»»el»  diWrsifled 
"  .-  .he  character  of  U.e  invisible  being,  or  deity.  ,^1, 


u 


INTBODVCTORY   LES80AS. 


modes  of  worshiping  him.  Hence  the  vast  number  of  re- 
ligious denominations,  or  sects.  See  eymhoh  on  the  map  of 
the  world. 

48.  The  four  prevailing  systems  of  religion  are  the  Jewish, 
Christian.  Mohammedan,  and  Pagan. 

1.  The  Jews  are  those  who  believe  in  the  Old  Testament 
and  reject  the  New,  and  expect  a  Saviour  yet  to  come.  They 
are  numerous  in  Poland,  and  found  in  most  of  the  principal 
cities  of  the  world. 

2.  Christians  are  those  who  believe  in  the  principles  of 
morality  and  religion,  as  taught  by  Christ.  There  are  three 
great  divisions  of  Christians,  viz  ;  Roman  Catholics,  the  Greek 
Church,  and  Protestants.  The  latter  are  divided  into  various 
•ects,  called  Congregationalists,  Presbyterians,  Baptists,  Meth- 
odists, Friends,  Sec. 

3.  The  Mohammedans,  or  Mussulmans,  are  those  who 
believe  in  Mohammed,  of  Arabia,  who  professed  to  bring  a 
revelation  from  heaven,  called  the  •'  Koran." 

4.  Pagans  are  those  who  worship  various  objects,  idols, 
animals,  the  sun,  &c.  Paganism  is  the  religion  of  the  coun- 
Iries  of  south-eastern  Asia,  and  of  savages  in  all  parts  of  the 
world. 


14.    QUESTIONS  ON  THE  MAPS. 
What  18  the  map  of  the  world  a  picture  of  ? 
What  is  the  map  of  the  United  States  a  picture  of  ? 
What  parts  of  a  map  represent  North,  East,  South,  and 
West?    23. 

What  parts  are  represented  by  the  four  corners  of  a  map  ? 
In  what  direction  are  lines  drawn  on  mans  ? 

-,  _ —    _ 


MAP  OP  TH«  WOBLO. 


8S 


What  linet  or  circles  run  Eart  and  Wert  ? 
What  lines  or  circlea  run  North  and  South  ? 
How  does  the  nmp  of  the  world  represent  the  whole  of 
fte  earth's  ™rfi^V    ft  „p„«,„^  ^^   ^^  ^.^^f 

halves  from  North  to  South,  and  each  cirele,  or  part,  repre- 
sents one-half  of  the  earth's  «,rface.  The  halv^T^;  «ied 
the  Eastern  and  Wertem  Hemispheres. 

NoT..-We  would  recommend  to  every  Teacher  to  pro- 
cure .  wooden  baU.  of  any  size.  «xd  have  it  «.wed  in  halv", 

w  irb7"T- "'' '"° '""™' '''"'  -^  "'"K-  Then  "y  ir 

ng.t  before  hi,  pupils,  he  can  show  them  how  t^e  map  of 

ttw    an/rt  "  •'"'""  "'  '^''*  "•"»  °'  *»  world  arone 
v.ew    and,  by  shuttmg  both  halve,  togetHfer.  he  can  ea.ily 

explam  the  situation  of  the  north.we,tem  part  of  America 

and  ti.e  north-eastern  part  of  Asia,  and  how  it  is  that  pUces' 

on  the  map  of  the  world,  which  appear  to  be  the  farfte" 

r„.     ^^"r  ?  "''  """"'  '"««*"•    This  simple  expe^ 
dientwdl  be  found  more  uMful  than  a  costly  globe 


MAP  OF  THE  WORLD. 
How  many  continents  are  there  ? 
On  which  Hemisphere  is  the  Eastern  continent? 
On  which  Hemisphere  is  the  Western  continent? 
How  IS  the  Eastern  continent  divided  ? 
How  is  the  Western  continent  divided  ? 
In  what  part  of  the  Eastern  continent  is  Europe  ?    w  w 
In  what  part  is  Africa?    b.  w. 
In  what  part  is  Asia?    e. 
J^^i^  of  the  Wertem  continent  i.  called  Nortti 


I 


a4 


BZERCISES   ON   THE 


Which  part  is  called  South  America?    8. 

What  are  the  five  Grand  Divisions  of  the  two  continents  ? 

Which  is  the  largest  of  the  Grand  Divisions  ?    Asia. 
Which  is  the  second  largest  ?     Africa. 
What  is  the  third  ?    North  America. 
What  is  the  fourth  ?    South  America. 
Which  is  the  smallest  ?    Europe. 


Which  is  the    largest,  the  Eastern  or  Western  conti- 
nent ?     E. 

Which  extends  farthest  South  ?    w. 
Which  is  the  Iqngest  from  East  to  West  ? 
Which  is  the  longest  from  North  to  South  ? 
Is  there  more  land  North,  or  South  of  the  Equator? 
On  which  side  of  the  Equator  is  there  more  water? 
Which  is  the  broadest,  the  Northern  or  Southern  extrem- 
ity of  each  continent  ? 


c. 


What  sea  between  Europe  and  Africa  ?    m. 

What  sea  between  Africa  and  Asia  ?    r. 

What  is  the  only  sea  in  the  Western  hemisphere  ? 

What  ocean  separates  America*from  Europe  and  Africa  ? 
What  ocean  North  of  America,  Europe  and  Asia  ? 
What  ocean  East  of  Asia  ? 
What  ocean  South  of  Asia  ? 


America,  the  general  name  applied  to  the  Western  Conti- 
nent. The  whole  continent  of  America,  after  its  discovery 
by  Europeans,  in  1492,  was  called  *«  The  New  WoriH  "  u^. 
cause  It  was  new  to  its  discoverers,  and  the  term  "Old  World" 
was  applied  to  the  Eastern  Continent. 


MAP   OP   THE   WOILD. 

What  ocean  East  of  Africa  ? 

What  ocean  West  of  Europe  and  Africa  ? 

What  ocean  East  of  America  ? 

What  ocean  West  of  America  ? 

What  ocean  surrounds  the  South  Pole  ? 

What  ocean  surrounds  the  North  Pole  ? 


35 


How  many  oceans  are  there  ? 
Which  is  the  largest  ocean  ?    Pacific, 
Which  is  the  second  largest  ?    Atlantic. 
Which  is  rhe  third  ?    Indian. 
Which  is  the  fourth  ?    Southern, 
Which  ks  ihe  smaUest  ?    Arctic. 


What  large  island  South-east  of  Asia  ?    a. 
Between  what  two  oceans  is  Australia  ? 
What  large  island  North  of  Australia  ? 
What  island  South  of  Australia  ?    v-d-l, 

hhnT  ''^*"'^'  ^''^^^''  "^''^  *'''*  Australia?    East  India 

What  islands  between  North  and  South  America  ?    w  i 
What  large  island  South-east  of  Africa  ?    m. 
What  land  near  the  South  Pole  ?    a,  c. 

TT  ^°?'r^*'®  Antarctic  Continent  was  discovered  by  the 
Umted  States' Exploring  Expedition,  under  the  command  of 
Charles  Wilkes,  Esq.,  Jan.  19,  1840. 


What  Grand  Divisions  does  the  Equator  cross  ?.  s-a  a. 
What  Grand  Divisions  does  the  Tropic  of  Cancer  cros^? 


-W'A.  a.  a. 


What  Grand  Divisions  and  large  island,  the  Tropic  of 
Capricorn  ?  * 


in 


EXERCISES   ON   TRB 


What  Grand  Divisions  does  the  Arctic  Circle  cross? 

N-A.  E.  A. 

What  Grand  Divisions  the  Antarctic  Circle  ?  Why  none  ? 
In  what  Zones  is  the  Western  Continent  ?    s-t.  t.  n-t 

N-F. 

In  what  Zones  is  the  Eastern  Contment  ?    s-t  t  n-t 
N-F.  •     •  ^  A. 

In  what  Zones  is  North  America  ?    South  America  ? 
In  what  Zones  is  Europe  ?    Asia  ?    Africa  ? 

How  many  Grand  Divisions  extend  into  the  North  Frimd 
Zone  ?  ® 

How  many  into  the  South  Temperate  Zone  ? 
How  many  into  the  South  Frigid  Zone  ?    Why  none  ? 
In  what  Zone  is  the  greater  part  of  Europe  ?    Asia? 
Afiica?    North  America?    South  America?    Austraha? 
Which  two  Grand  Divisions  have  the  warmest  cHmate  ? 

NoTE.-Countries,  or  places,  are  the  hottest,  or  have  the 
warmest  climate,  where  the  sun  at  12  o'clock  shines  most  di- 
rectly  over  head.     See  Note  32. 


Is  Europe  in  North  or  South  latitude  ? 

Why  is  Europe  in  North  latitude  ?    See  30. 

Is  Africa  in  North  or  South  latitude  ? 

Why  is  Africa  in  both  North  and  South  latitude  ? 

Is  Asia  in  North  or  South  latitude  ?    South  America  ? 

In  what  direction  from  North  America  is  South  America  ?* 

•  The  learner  will  bear  in  mind  that  he  must  give  the  di- 

.„,,„  „^   „„^.  i^ivjsionj  or  country,  to  the 

ctntTt  of  the  other.     Perhaps  at  first,  it  may  be  beneficial  to 
extend  a  rule  from  the  centre  of  one  to  the  centre  of  the  other. 


MAP   OF   THE   WORLD. 


In  wliat 
In  what 
Jn  what 
In  what 
In  what 
In  what 


In  what 


direction  from  South  America  is  Europe? 

direction  from  Europe  is  Africa  ? 

direction  from  Africa  is  Asia  ? 

direction  from  Asia  is  Australia  ? 

direction  from  Australia  is  Africa  ? 

direction  from  Africa  is  South  America? 

direction  from  South  America  is  North  America  ? 

In  what  ocean  is  the  Antarctic  continent? 
What  ocean,  border  on  the  Eastern  continent  ?   a.  p.  ,.  a 
^What  oceans  bonier  on  the   Western  condnent?    1" 


^  Which  extends  farthest  South.  North  An,erica  or  Eu- 

Which  extends  farthest  South,  Europe  or  Asia? 
Which  extends  farthest  South,  Asia  or  Africa  ? 
_^  Wkch  extends  farthest  North,  Africa  or  South  Ame.. 

^ieh^  extends  &rthest  East,  South  America  or  Norft 

Which  extends  farthest  West,  Europe  or  Africa  ? 
Which  extends  farthest  East,  Africa  or  Europe  ? 
Whch  extends  farthest  South,  North  America  or  Asia  ? 
What  isthmus  unites  North  and  South  America  ? 
Whatocean  and  sea  are  divided  by  the  isthmus  of  n.™ 
v.  nas  isuunus  unites  Africa      "  -        -- 

What  seas  are  divided 


triAn 


hy  the  isthmus  of  Suez  ? 


>f3>l 


i(| 


B.  M. 


II 


S8 


EXERCISES  ON   THE 


What  Strait  divides  Asi::;  from  North  America  ? 
What  two  oceans  does  Behring's  strait  connect  ? 


If  we  divide  the  map  of  the  world  into  two  hemispheres, 
hy  the  line  called  the  Equator,  what  are  these  hemispheres 
called  ?  See  small  map  of  Northem  and  Southern  Hemis- 
pheres. 

In  which  of  these  hemispheres  is  North  America  ? 

In  which  is  Europe  ?    Asia  ?    Australia  ? 

Which  grand  divisions  lie  in  both  Northem  and  South- 
em  hemispheres  ?    Why  is  S.  America  and  Africa  in  both  ? 

What  ocean  lies  wholly  in  the  Northem  hemisphere  ?    A. 

What  ocean  lies  wholly  in  the  Southern  hemisphere  ?    s. 

What  oceans  lie  partly  in  both  hemispheres  ?    A.  I.  P. 


In  which  grand  division  of  the  globe  are  we  ? 

In  which  division  of  North  America  ?    u-s. 

If  you  were  gcringfrom  the  United  States  to  Europe,  what 
ocean  would  you  cross?  Would  you  go  East  or  West? 
Why? 

If  you  were  going  from  the  United  States  to  Cape  Horn, 
would  you  go  North  or  South  ?  Why  ?  In  what  zones 
would  you  sail  ? 

In  going  to  the  Red  sea  by  water,  what  oceans  would  you 
pass  ?  Horn  many  times  cross  the  Equator  ?  In  what  zones 
would  you  sail  ? 


MAP  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

In  which  hemisphere  is  North  America  ? 

In  what  part  of  the  Western  hemisphere  is  it  ? 


MAP   OP   NORTH   AMERICA. 

In  what  direction  is  North  America  longest  ? 
Which  is  widest,  the  Northern  or  Southern  part? 
With  what  is  North  America  connected  ? 
Does  North  America  He  in  North  or  South  latitude  ? 
Why  IS  It  m  North  latitude  ?    30. 


30 


mat  ocean  bounds  North  America  on  the  North?    a 
What  ocean  bounds  it  on  the  East?    a. 
What  gulf  on  the  South  ?    m. 

What  ocean  bounds  it  on  the  West  ?    p. 

How  many  oceans  border  on  North  America  ?    a  a  p 

What  ocean  borders  most  on  North  America  ?    p 

What  divides  North  America  from  Asia  ?    b 

What  does  Behring's  strait  connect  ?    a.  p.    22 

In  what  zones  is  North  America  ?    t.  n-t  n-f 

Which  part  is  warmest?    Which  part  is  coldest  ?    32. 

Jhat  Division  comprise:;^orth.westem  partof  NorO. 

49    Russian  Possessions  is  a  cold  and  dreary  country  in- 
habued  by  a  few  savages,  who  subsist  by  bunting  andfisMi^^ 

IS  to  collect  furs  of  the  Indians  for  the  Chinese  market.  New 
Archangel,  on  the  island  of  Sitka,  is  the  principal  settiem^:! 
It  contains  about  1000  inhabitants. 

What  Division  comprises  the  Northern  part  of  N.  Amer- 

50.  British  America  is  a  vast  territory,  nearly  as  large  a. 

Europe      It  comprises  Canada  West,  Canada  East.  New 

Brunswinlr-  TVTrtiro   c ♦:_    ..__.,,     .,  ..  *-a»i,   x'^ew 

v<A       ^7~;.'""''  -wwa,  Willi  me  adjacent  islands.  Prince 
Edward's,  Cape  Breton,  ^nd  Newfoundland,  and  the  eLtensive 


40 


EXERCISES   ON   THE 


region  of  New  Britain.*  East  and  West  Canada  were  for- 
merly separate  provinces,  called  Upper  and  Lower  Canada. 
In  1841,  they  were  united  under  one  government.  British 
America  is  so  called,  because  it  belongs  to  Great  Britain. 
Montreal,  situated  on  an  island  of  the  same  name,  in  the  river 
St.  Lawrence,  is  a  large  and  flourishing  city.  Since  the  1st 
of  Oct.,  1851,  Quebec  has  been  the  capital  of  British  America. 

What  division  comprises  the  Middle  portion  of  North 
America  ?    u-s. 

What  division  in  the  South-western  part  ?    m. 

What  division  in  the  Southern  part  ?    g. 

Which  of  these  divisions  do  you  think  is  largest  ? 

What  divisions  border  on  British  America  ?     r-p.  u-S. 

What  divisions  border  on  the  United  States?  On 
Mexico  ? 

What  divisions  and  bodies  of  water  border  on  Guatimala? 


WTiat  is  the  chief  settlement  of  the  Russian  Possessions  ? 
N-A.    49. 

What  is  the  capitalf  of  British  America  ?     Quebec. 

What  is  the  capital  of  the  United  States  ?    w. 

What  is  the  Capital  of  Mexico  ?    m. 

What  is  the  Cdpital  of  Guatimala  ?     st.-s. 

What  countrj-  North-east  of  British  America  ?    g. 

51.  Greenland  is  one  of  the  coldest  countries  on  the  globe 

a  region  of  ice  and  snow.  It  has  but  two  seasons — a  winter 
of  nine  months,  and  a  summer  of  three.  Nothing  grows  there 
but  a  few  mosses,  stunted  shrubS,  and  grasses.  The  principal 
animals  are  white  bears,  reindeer,  and  dogs.     The  Greenland- 


•All  of  British  America,  except  Canada  and  other  portions 
settled  by  Europeans,  is  called  New  Britain. 

t  The  capital,  or  seat  of  government,  is  usually  in  small 
capitals  on  the  map — as  Washington. 


MAP  OF  KOETH  JiKBRKA..  41 

dwJShtr"  ",  *'  ''^"""■'"  '"*■""•    T--^^  «e  of  a 
awariish  Size,  good-natured,  but  dull   indnl^r,*  o    i 

Between  what  bodies  of  water  is  Greenland?    a  b-d 
Wliat  large  island  East  of  Greenland?    i 

and  happv      Th.J        r^^''  '"^  write,  kind,  contented. 

Ioeland^s''LsMe:drLS;:Lrr  ^^  ""  :'"'"■ 
Denmarlt.  "oiongmg  to  Europe,  and  is  subject  to 

What  gulf  Sonth  of  the  United  States?    m. 
What  gulf  ,n  the  Western  part  of  Mexico  ?    c. 
What  gdf  between  Canada  and  NewfoundUnd  ?    st-i. 
What  gulf  do  you  think  is  lat^est?    „.    SmaUest?    c. 

widest  at  the  opening  between  the  capes,  or  headline, 
and  gradually  narrows  as  it  extends  into  the  and-as  hetaT 
of  Honduras,  Bengal,  &c. ;  while  a  »..if  •  ^ 

narrow  at  i«  opening  be.we'e nTcrpfrand  ::Z^:Z 

Chet       .    r"' ,""'  ^"'^  "'  **"'<=''•  '^«"'=«-    Baffin's  W 
Chesapeake  bay.  *o..  are  more  properly  gulf,,    21  ^' 

What  bay  West  of  Greenland  ?    b 

What  bay  in  the  Northern  part  of  British  America  ? 

What  bay  South  of  Hudson's  bay?    j 

What  bay  East  of  Yucatan  ?    h 

What  bay  West  of  Yucatan  ?    b.  c. 

vvnat  bay  in  the  Western  part  of  California?    st-ir 

WhatbaymtheSouAempartofBussianPossessL? 


H. 


B. 


42 


EXERCISES   ON   THE 


What  bay  south  of  Hudson's  strait?    u. 
What  bay  between  New  Brunswick  and  NoTa  Scotia  ? 
Bay  of  Fundy. 

54.  The  Bay  of  Fundy  is  about  200  miles  long.  It  is  re- 
markable for  its  high  tides.  At  the  head  of  the  North-eastern 
arm,  called  "  Chignecto  Channel,"  they  rise  from  sixty  to  sev- 
enty feet,  and  a/e  so  rapid  as  to  overtake  animals  feeding  on 
the  shore. 


What  strait  is  the  entrance  to  Baffin's  bay  ?    d. 

What  strait  is  the  entrance  to  Hudson's  bay  ?    H. 

Whr.t  strait  leads  from  Baffin's  bay  into  the  Arctic 
ocean?    b. 

What  strait  between  Newfoundland  and  Labrador  ?  The 
strait  of  Belle  Isle. 

What  strait  between  Nortti  America  and  Asia  ?    B. 

What  strait  South  of  Yancou  ver's  isle  ?    j-d-f. 

65.  The  body  of  water  east  of  Vancouver's  island  is  called 
the  gulf  of  Georgia.  The  Strait  of  Juan  de  Fuca  is  the 
Southern  entrance  to  the  gidf  of  Georgia. 


What  sound  in  the  Western  part  of  Busman  Possessions? 

What  inlet  in  the  Southern  part  of  Russian  Possessions  ? 

How  many  lakes  between  the  United  States  and  British 
America?* 

What  large  lake  South-west  of  Hudson's  bay  ?  w. 

What  large  lake  North-west  of  lake  Winnipeg  ?  a. 

What  large  lake  North-west  of  Athabaska  lake  ?    s. 

What  large  lake  Norti.  west  of  Slave  lake  ?  Great  Bear 
lake. 


•  The  names  of  the  lakes  will  be  found  on  the  map  of  the 
United  States. 


MAP   OP   WOETH  AMERICA.  43 

^  What  lake  in  the  western  part  of  the  United  States? 

What  lake  in.  GuatimaU?    Lake  Nicaragua. 
^  What  river   runs  fro^-^ve    lake    into    the  A„=tic 

What  river,  in  the  Western  part  of  the  territory  of  tho 
Umted  States,  empties  into  the  Pacific?    c  '"^°^*'" 

What  two  rivers  empty  into  the  Columbia  ?    c.  l 

Whatnver  empties  into  the  bay  of  St  Francisco?    s. 
foS  to""  """^  ""'  '""^'^  '"*"  «"«  8"^  of  CaH- 
i^7l^^i:Z:  »^;_^Wdary  Hne  between  Mexico  and 

gulS'SLTT"  '™"«''  '"^  ^"''^^  «'»'«» '"<»  '"« 

sidZ^a'tl^ltri'Tvet  si^'^''^'  ^  ^-  -  *«  ^' 
What  r.v^r  carries  the  watera  of  the  lakes  between  the 

Unued  S^tesandBritish  America,intotheAtlantiorst^ 
^What^  nver  runs  from  hke  Winnipeg  into  Hudson's 

What  river  emptifes  into  lake  Winnipeg?    s 
What  two  rivers  empty  into  James'  bay  ?    m.  b. 

PaScI  T'"™"*  '^""*"  ""'  ^  °^  ^""fo™^  »°-l  the 

What  peninsula    betwfipn    fKo   k«„-  .p  tt     , 
Campeachy?    -  '^"^   ""•'""*   xionauras  and 


vVhat 
the  bay  of 


peninsula  Scuth-east  of 

>  and  the  Atlantic  ?    n 


New  Brunswick,  between 


i 


•s. 


i^ 


44 


EXERCISES   ON   THE 


What  Peninsula  between  the  gulf  of  Mexico  and  the 
Atlantic?    Florida. 


What  large  island  in  the  Arctic  ocean,  West  of  Barrow's 
strait  ?    M. 

What  large  island  West  of  Baffin's  bay  and  Davis' strait  ? 

P-W-L.  * 

What  large  island  East  of  Greenland  ?    i. 
What  large  island  in  the   Northern  part  of  Hudson's 
bay?    8. 

What  large  island  East  of  the  gulf  of  St  Lawrence  ?   n 

66.  Newfoundland  is  a  large,  cold  and  barren  island,  but 
is  noted  for  the  most  productive  cod  fishery  in  the  world. 
More  than  3,000  vessels,  and  40,000  seamen,  American,  English 
and  French,  are  annually  employed  in  the  fishery.  The  fish 
are  caught  in  vast  numbers  upon  certain  shallow  places  in 
the  sea  in  the  vicinity  of  the  island,  called  the  Banks  of  New- 
foundland. 

What  cluster  of  islands  East  of  the  United  States  ?    b. 
What  islands  between  North  and  South  America  ?    w-i. 
Which  is  the  largest  of  the  West  India  islands  ?    c. 
Which  is  the  next  largest  ?    h.    Which  is  next  to  Hay- 
ti?    J.  ^ 

Which  is  the  fourth  in  size,  or  next  to  Jamaica  ?    p-r. 

These  four  islands,  Cuba,  Hayti,  Jamaica  and  Porto  Rico, 
are  called  the  Great  Antilles. 

What  group  or  chain  of  islands  extend  from  Porto  Rico 
to  South  America  ? 

Which  is  the  most  Southern  of  the  West  India  Islands  ?  T.       B 
What  cluster  of  islands  North-east  of  Cuba  ?    B. 


MAP  OP  IfOBTH   AMERICA.  45 

Wlurt  three  Wands  West  Of  British  America?    v.w.p. 

KorLrcat" '"'^"^^•^''"  «•«  ^^^^  P-t<^ 

J2°r2'T'° "' ^'^ "ountai^sin Mexico ?  c. 
Rri«.w  "^"'  neariyon  the  boundary  between 

Bnt^h  Amenca  and  Russian  Possessions  ?    ic.  /  ° 

Which  of. these  is  highest  ?  '•  . 

How  high  is  mount  St.  Elias  ? 

What  cape  forms  the  Southern  extremity  of  Greenland  ?  , 
Wbat  cape  South  of  Nova  Scotia?    /     •'^<""*''<'?  „. 
Which  IS  the  most  Southern  cape  of  the  United  States  ?  g 
What  cape  South  of  California  ?    st-L         ''''="»'«"»• 
What  cape  West  of  Upper  California?    m. 
What  capes  on  the  Eastern  coast  of  the  United  Stotes? 

J^iir?'^"^*^'-^'''-^- ^- ^orth 
What  is  a.e  Eastern  coast  of  Hudson's  bay  caUed?    «-« 

trinkets,  &o  '""''''''  ^""''  P°"''".  b»ds, 

AtHtic?  t  "°""*'7'='^*<1  ^^''^^^  Hudson's  bayaod  the 


46 


EX£RCIS£S  ON   THE 


59.  Labrador  is  an  extensive  region.  It  is,  however,  but 
little  known,  for  it  is  so  cold  and  barren  that  no  foreigner  has 
ever  attempted  to  explore  the  interior.  Great  numbers  of  fish 
of  various  kinds,  particularly  cod  and  salmon,  are  found  on 
the  shores  and  small  rivers.  The  coasts  are  bordered  by  in- 
numerable islands,  and  these  are  covered  with  flocks  of  sea- 
fowl,  especially  eider  ducks.  Bears,  wolves,  foxes,  marten, 
bares,  &c.,  are  numerous  The  population  is  small.  The 
Esquimaux  inhabit  all  the  coast.  The  tribes  of  the  interi- 
or are  but  little  known.  The  Labrador  fishery  is  of  great  im- 
portance,  and  is  extensively  carried  on  by  the  United  States 
and  Great  Britain. 

What  Angular  race  of  people  inhabit  the  whole  Northem 
coast  of  America,  from  the  gulf  of  St  Lawrence  to  Beh- 
ring's  strait  ?    Esquimaux  Indians. 

60.  The  Esquimaux,  in  appearance,  character  and  habits, 
resemble  the  Greenlanders.     They  are  small,  ignorant,  filthy 
and  stupid ;  but  are  a  harmless,  gentle  and  cheerful  race. 
They  live  on  fish,  seals  and  sea-fowl,  and  anything  else  they 
can  obtain  for  food.     They  are  by  no  means  particular  in  re- 
gard to  their  diet.     They  have  a  fine  kind  of  dogs  which  are 
trained  to  draw  their  sledges  or  sleds  over  the  snow.     See  the 
picture  on  the  map.     In  winter  they  live  in  huts  made  of 
cakes  of  ice  or  frozen  snow.     These  are  of  a  circular  form, 
and  are  not  only  commodious,  but  even  comfortable.     When 
we  look  at  the  regions  inhabited  by  the  Esquimaux,  the  cli- 
mate, the  productions,  &c.,  we  feel  that  their  condition  would 
be  improved  by  a  removal  to  almost  any  other  country  on  the 
globe;  and  yet,  when  any  of  them  have  been  carried  to  Eng- 
land or  France,  and  treated  with  the  greatest  kindness,  they 
have  pined  to  go  back. 

In  what  direction  irom  x^uwi5juiii*ia*i«i  ic  »»««    -^a^.^-^ 
Bank,  remarkable  for  the  cod  fishery  ? 

How  are  codfish  taken  ?    With  a  hook  and  line. 


MAP   OP  NORTH  AMERICA. 


47 


Through  *wh&t  must  the  waters  oi  the  Saskatehawan  riv- 
er pass  to  reach  the  ocean  ?  A.  Lake  Winnipeg,  Nelson's 
river,  Hudson's  bay  and  Hudson's  strait. 

Through  what  must  the  waters  of  the  Platte  river  pass 
to  reach  the  ocean  ? 


What  part  of  North  America  is  crossed  by  the  Tropic  of 
Cancer  ?    What  division  does  it  cross  ?    m. 

What  part  of  North  America  does  the  Arctic  circle 
cross  ?    What  divisions  ?    r-p.  b-a.  and  o. 

In  what  zone  is  that  part  of  North  America  which  lies 
North  of  the  Arctic  Circle  ? 

In  what  zone  is  that  part  between  the  Arctic  Circle  and 
Tropic  of  Cancer  ? 

In  what  zone  is  that  part  South  of  the  Tropic  of  Cancer? 

Then  in  what  zones  does  North  America  lie  ?    Why  ? 

In  what  zone  is  the  Southern  part  of  North  America?  t. 

In  what  zone  is  the  Northern  part  ?    n-f. 

In  what  zone  is  the  largest  part  of  North  America? 

N-T. 

What  divisions  of  North  America  are  in  the  Torrid 
Zone?* 
What  divisions  are  in  the  North  Temperate  Zone  ?    m. 

U-8.  B-A. 

What  divisions  are  in  the  North  Frigid  Zone?     b-p. 

B-A.  G. 

What  does  the  picture  at  the  top  of  the  map  represent? 

*  If  the  whole  division  is  not  embraced,  let  the  learner 
specify  what  part.  As  in  liiis  quesiiou  i  "  What  divisions  of 
North  America  are  in  the  Torrid  Zone  ?"  A.  "  Guatimala, 
the  Southern  part  of  Mexico,  and  all  the  West  India  I^ands 
except  the  Bahamas." 


46 


EXERCISES   ON   THE 


What  parts  arc  occupied  by  the  Esquimaux  Indians? 
What  docs  the  next  picture  represent  ?     An  iceberg. 

61.  An  iceberg  is  a  large  masS  of  ice,  resembling  a  mount- 
ain, often  found  floating  in  the  polar  seas.  Some  are  formed 
in  the  sea  itself,  by  the  accum.ulation  of  ice  and  snow:  others 
seem  to  be  glaciers,  which  have  been  piling  up  on  shore,  till 
quite  overgrown,  and  are  at  last  broken  off  and  launched  into 
the  ocean  by  their  own  weight.  Icebergs  of  this  sort  abound 
in  Baffin's  bay,  where  they  are  sometimes  two  miles  long  and 
half  a  mile  broad,  and  which  rise  above  the  surface  from  the 
height  of  100  to  200  feet,  while  their  depth  below  the  level  of 
the  water  is  about  eight  times  greater  than  that  above.  Ice- 
bergs have  been  known  to  drift  from  Baffin's  bay  to  the 
Azores  or  Western  islands. 

What  does  the  third  picture  represent  ? 

How  many  of  these  animals  have  you  ever  seen  ? 

What  does  the  fourth  picture  represent  ? 

What  does  the  bottom  picture  represent  ? 

Where  are  Niagara  Falls?  In  the  river  Niagara,  be- 
tween lake  Erie  and  lake  Ontario. 

62.  Niagara  river  at  the  Falls  is  three-fourths  of  a  mile 
wide.  An  island,  called  Goat  island,  divides  the.  cataract 
into  two  principal  portions,  the  American  Fall  on  the  East, 
and  the  Horse  Shoe  on  the  West  or  Canada  side.  This  pic- 
ture represents  a  view  of  the  Horse  Shoe  Fall.  Niagara  Falls 
surpass  in  grandeur  all  others  of  the  known  world.  The  im- 
mense body  of  water  plunges  over  a  precipice  160  feet  high. 
The  weight,  impetuosity  and  descent  of  the  waters  occasion 
a  tremulous  motion  all  around,  and  cause  a  sound  louder 
than  that  of  the  ocean  in  a  mighty  tempest. 

In  what  direction  from  Hudson's  bay  is  the  gulf  of  St 
Lawrence  ?     Gulf  of  Mexico  ?     Gulf  of  California  ? 
In  what  direction  from  us  are  the  Bermudas  ?    Hay ti  ? 


MAP   OF  NORTH   AMERICA. 


4» 


Newfoundland?     MelvUlo  Island?     Vancouver's  island? 
Isthmus  of  Darien  ?    Behring's  strait  ? 

tape  Cod  or  the  mouth  of  Columbia  river  ? 
Cape  Farewell  or  Mount  Fairweather? 
Cape  Sable  or  Cape  St.  Lucas  ? 

Newfoundland  or  Vancouver's  island  ?  * 

top'^oTrXr''^"  i»"^o„glt„de  reckon.^  „„  «„ 
Where  is  Greenwich  ?    See  31 

What  is  the  longitude  of  Wi^hington  from  Greenwich  ? 

th!t  J'Tr*"  '"""''°"  *^'  P"""'  *™"B''  Washington  to 

ton  wm  •"*'■'/"''  ^°"  *'"  '=»  '*  ""''^'^  "•    Henco 

you  w,l    perceive  that  the  longitude  of  Washington  from 

S  rdrEa,t"f"°  T"'-     "  """  ="">  "  '"  -^  "«^-  "<•  ">"- 
from  W  T  G^enwieh,  you  will  h,ye  the  longitude 

from  Washington.     For  instance.  St.  Petersburg  i,  30'  East 
from  Gjeenwch;  now,  if  you  add  77  to  30  you  will  have  tte 
onguude  East  from  Washington,  viz..  IO70  &o.     Sup  J,se 
the  longitude  is  West,  whit  then  ?  suppose 

treS  Z  ?n' p"  /'''  w^'"f  ^"^  Washington,  will  Mon- 
tred  be  m  East  or  West  longitude?    Cincinnati?    Bos- 

TelSrJfZ'    ^"'^"l    ''"'*«''^^    New  Orleans? 

Which  has  the  greatest  longitude,  or  is  ferthest  West. 
CterlestoiiorHavanna?    Havanna  or  St  Louis  ? 
bt  Louis  or  Mexico  ?    Mexico  or  V«ra  n-...  » 
Vera  Cruz  or  Santo  Fe  ?    Santa  Fe  or  Acapulco  ? 
•.ape  Sable  or  the  Isthmus  of  Darien  ? 

d 


60 


EZERCI8B8  ON  TRB 


Wbat  two  noted  seaports  on  the  Isthmus  of  Darien? 
Cbagres  and  Panama. 

Note.  Chngres  is  on  the  north  and  Panama  on  the  south 
side  of  the  isthmus.  Between  these  two  ports  is  the  great 
thoroughfare  across  the  isthmus  on  the  route  to  California. 
A  railroad  is  in  progress  and  will  soon  be  completed  between 
these  places.  Another  route  to  California  is  by  way  of 
the  San  Juan  river  and  lake  Nicaragua  and  thence  to  the  Pa- 
cific, a  distance  of  about  12  miles.  It  is  in  contemplation  to 
construct  a  ship  canal  from  the  Pacific  to  lake  Nicaragua, 
and  thence  to  the  Caribbean  sea.  This  will  open  a  water 
communication  between  the  two  oceans  and  be  of  immense 
benefit  to  the  civilized  world. 

What  is  the  extent  of  North  America  in  square  miles  ? 
What  is  the  probable  population  of  North  America  ? 
Between  what  degrees  of  latitude  and  longitude  does 
North  America  lie  ? 

65.  North  America  lies  between  8°  and  80°  North  latitude, 
and  between  60°  East  and  92°  West  longitude  from  Washing- 
ton, or  between  17°  and  169°  West  longitude  from  Greenwich. 


-i- 


MAP  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

What  is  the  name  of  this  state  ? 

How  many  states  border  on  this  ? 

Does  any  part  of  this  state  border  on  the  sea  or  ocean  ? 

In  what  direction  is  this  slate  longest  ? 

What  is  the  capital  of  this  state  ?^ 

Who  is  the  governor  of  this  state  ? 


MAP    OF   THl   UNITHO   STATES. 


&1 


WhatoceanEastof  the  United  States?    a.         '       i 

What  gulf  and  division  on  the  South  ?    a.  of  m.  and  M. 

What  ocean  West  of  the  United  States'  territory  ?    p. 

What  is  the  capital  of  the  United  States  ?    w. 

65.  Washington,  the  capital  of  the  United  States,  is  in  the 
District  of  Columbia,  on  the  East  side  of  the  Potomac,  300 
miles  from  the  ocean  by  the  course  of  the  river  and  bay.  It 
is  the  residence  of  the  President  and  other  chief  officers  of 
the  General  Government.  Congress  meets  there  every  year, 
on  the  first  Monday  of  December  to  enact  laws  for  the  nation. 

In  what  direction  are  the  United  States  longest? 

In  what  direction  does  the  Atlantic  coast  of  the  United 
States  run  ?    n-e.  and  s-w.    The  Pacific  coast  ?    n.  and  s. 

Where  have  the  United  States  the  greatest  extent  of 
8ea-coast,  on  the  Atlantic,  Pacific,  or  Gulf  of  Mexico  ? 

What  is  a  coast?  What  is  land  bordering  on  a  river 
caUed? 


What  six  lakes  between  the  United  Statp  aiid  British 
America  ?    w.  g.  h.  st-c.  e.  and  o. 

What  eight  states  and  three  territories  are  bounded  North 
by  these  lakes  and  British  America  ?  m.  n-h.  v.  n-y.  p.  o. 
M.  w.  and  M.  N.  and  o.  What  ter  Itory  borders  on  the 
^  eific  y    o. 

What  fourteen  states  border  on  the  Atlantic  ? 

What  five  states  border  on  the  Gulf  of  Mexico?    p.  a. 

M.  L.  T. 

Which  of  the  United  States  extends  farthest  North  ?    m. 
Which  e  tends  farthest  South  ?    p. 
Which  extends  farthpsf.  Vtnst  9     its 

'  Which  extends  ferthest  West  ?    c. 


52 


EXERCISES   ON   THE 


What  States  He  whoUy  West  of  the  Mississippi  river? 

T.  A.  M.  I.  C. 

What  State  lies  on  both  sides  of  the  Mteissippi?    l. 
What  five  states  border  on  the  Eastern  side  of  the  Missis- 
sippi river  ?    m.  t.  k.  i.  w. 

What  two  states  touch  both  the  Ohio  and  Mssissippi  riv- 
ers?    I.  K. 

What  two  states  touch  the  Mississippi  and  Missouri  riv- 
ers ?     M.  I. 

What  state  touches  the  Ohio  and  the  Atlantic  ?    v. 
^   What  state  borders  on  the  Atlantic  and  the  Gulf  of  Mex- 
ICO  ?     p. 

What  state  borders  on  lake  Erie  and  the  Atlantic  ? 

What  state  borders  on  five  lakes  ? 

What  state  appears  longest  from  East  ttf>  West  ? 

What  are  the  names  of  the  six  territories  ? 

Indian,  Minnesota,  Nebraska,  Oregon,  New  Mexico  and 
Utah. 

Which  territory  extends  farthest  East  ?    m. 
Which  extends  farthest  South  ?    n-m. 
Which  extends  farthest  West  ?    o. 
In  what  territory  does  the  Mississippi  rise  ?    m. 
In  what  territory  does  the  Missouri  rise  ?    n. 

How  many  states  are  there  ?    How  many  territories  ? 

What  four  states  border  on  lake  Erie  ?    n-y.  p.  o.  m. 

What  four  border  on  lake  Michigan,    m.  w.  1. 1. 

On  what  lakes,  rivers,  sound  and  ocean  does  New  York 
border  ?    e.  o.  and  c— n.  st-L.  and  H.— l-i-s.  and  a-o. 

60.  Long  Island  Ibrms  a  part  of  the  state  of  New  York 
The-North  river,  or  Hudson,  before  it  reaches  the  Atlantic! 
separates  New  York  from  New  Jersey. 


MAP  QF  THE  UNITBD   StATES. 


53 


Which  extends  farthest  North,  Maine  or  New  HamD- 
shire?  *  ^ 

New  Hampshire  or  Yeimont?  *^ 

Vermont  or  New  York  ? 

New  York  or  Michigan  ?  * 

Connecticut  or  California  ? 

Which  extends  farthest  South,  Florida  or  Texas  ? 

Louisiana  or  Geoi^  ? 

South  Carolina  or  California  ? 

North  Carolina  or  Arkansas  ? 

Virginia  or  Missouri  ? 

Maryland  or  Indiana  ? 

Which  extends  &rthest  East,  Texas  or  Iowa  ? 

Illinois  or  Mississippi  ? 

Ohio  or  Geoigia  ?  * 

Virginia  or  Pennsylvania? 

New  Hampshire  or  Rhode  Island  ? 

Which  way  is  it  from  Maine  to  Connecticut  ?♦ 

From  Connecticut  to  Vermont  ? 

From  Vermont  to  Pennsylvania  ? 

From  Pennsylvania  to  Michigan  ? 

From  Michigan  to  Iowa  ? 

From  Iowa  to  Massachusetts  ? 

From  Massachusetts  to  Virginia? 
From  Virginia  to  Missouri  ? 

From  Missouri  to  South  Carolina  ? 
From  South  Carolina  to  Texas,? 
From  Texas  to  Maine  ? 


: 


•In  answering  these  questions,  the  learner  will  irive  the  di- 
rection or  way  from  the  center  of  one  state  to  the  center  of  the 
other, 

5*  * 


54 


EXEKCISES   ON   THE 

From  Maine  to  California  ? 


.fr^Tf"  7^*  '^*''  ^°"*^  ^^"  P^  '«  toiveHng  in  a 
straight  line  from  Main*?  to  Ohio  ? 

From  Ohio  to  Florida? 

From  Florida  to  Missouri  ? 

From  Missouri  to  New  Jersey  ? 

From  New  Jersey  to  Texas  ? 

From  Texas  to  Maine  ? 

^^';''^^J^^^''^'''^ould  you  pass  in  tniveling  on  the 
coast  from  Mexico  to  New  Brunswick  ?  S  ""  «»« 

Un^ Ssf "  *'^-'»"^-  »>•«  ^'^rn  part  of  the 

a«3  oi  View  lork.     Their  course  is  nearly  parallel  witi,  ♦». 
AUantic   varying  ftom  50  to  130  miles  from  T  Thereon  f^ 
of  several  parallel  ridges.  caUed  .he  Blue  ridge,  cZZZ 
moun«,n,  Laurel  mountain  in  Pennsylvania  ^.d  "^1" 
and  CatskiU  mountain  in  New  York.  ""■g'ma, 

Un^^  S.fi "r^^?^  T""*""'  *""""  "^  <«^ri'»,y  of  the 
umted  btates  !>    Into  three  sections. 

68    1st.  The  Atlani.o   Slop,,   which  extends  from  the 

Valley,  which  lies  between  the  Alleghany  and  Rockv  mount 
ams.  watered  bv  the  Mi«i<,«,r,„i  .  j  ■.         '"  "-ocKy  mount- 
3d    Tw.  P            o     Mississippi  and  its  numerous  branches. 
.^;  ^'"'/*""'"'  Slope,  which  comprises  the  region  between 
the  Rocky  mountains  and  the  Pacific  ~.„„      u ." 

be  seen  that  the  genera,  feature  of  thrco^'mry  irZ.'^;: 


t 


t 


h 


MAP   OF   THE   UNITED   STATES.  ^      50 

immense  plain,  traversed  or  crossed  bv  t«r« 

mountains.  ''^  *^°  ff'^^t  chains  of 

sidS^'T'p^r  ''°  *'  ""*"•  *»*  rise  on  the  Western 
«de  of  the  Bocty  mountains,  or  in  the  Padfic  slopT;:^™ 

sloJI?"v,*'  ''"'^  """^  °'  '^^  "-"  -  «>«  Atlantic  • 
^^Whati,  the  general  oourseof  the  rive«  in  the  Pacific    ' 

MLssippfriver  t  Si ^^r  °'  ♦"'^  West  of  the 

«.eMisL%pir^;t:i;x^ur°^  '"-^-'o^ 

What  large  river  in  Oregon  empties  into  the  Pacific  ?  a 
^  What  a.  ^e  th«e  principal  benches  of  the  Coll^' 

What  large  river  rises  in  ito.;.«  i.,„  .     „. 

Mis^s;,iT  M  i*r  '^"'  '^"**™  ''^'«=''-  of  ^ 

m 


I  h 


56 


EXERCISES   ON    THE 


Which  are  the  four  principal  branches  of  the  Missouri  ? 
T.  p.  K.  o. 

Part  of  wk't  boundary  does  the  Pearl  form  ?    L.  and  M. 

The  TombV  bee  and  Alabama  rivers  unite  and  form 
what?    The  Mobile  river,  which  emptiet.  into  Mobile  bay. 

What  two  rivei-s  unite  and  form  the  Apalachicola  ?    c.  p. 

What  lai^e  river  in  Florida  empties  into  the  Atlantic  ? 

8t.->T. 


What  river  forms  part  of  the  boundary  between  Florida 
and  Greorgia?    st-M. 

What  two  rivers  unite  and  form  the  Altamaha  ?    o.  o. 

What  two  states  does  the  Savannah  separate  ?     *. 

What  are  the  two  principal  rivers  in  South  Carolina  that 
empty  into  the  Atlantic  ?    s.  and  g-p. 

What  rivers  can  you  mention  between  South  Carolina 
and  Maryland  ?    c.  f.  n.  r.  c.  j.  y.  r.  p. 

69.  The  Neuse  empties  into  Pamlico  sound,  and  the  Roan- 
oke and  Chowan  into  Albemarle  sound. 

What  two  states  does  the  Potomac  separate  ?    v.  m. 

What  river  separates  Virginia  and  Kentucky  from  Illi- 
nois, Indiana  and  Ohio  ? 

What  two  rivers  unite  at  Pittsburgh  in  Pennsylvania  and 
form  the  Ohio  ?    A.  m. 

What  river  rises  in  New  York  and  runs  through  the  cen- 
tral part  of  Pennsylvania  into  the  head  yf  Chesapeake 
bay?    s. 

70.  The  body  of  water  in  the  Eastern  part  of  Virginia  and 
Maryland  is  called  Chesapeake  bay.  The  body  of  water  be- 
tween Delaware  and  New  Jersey  is  Delaware  bay. 

What  river  separates  Pennsylvania  from  New  York  and 
New  Jersey,  and  empties  into  Delaware  bay  ?    d. 


I 
I 


<*• 


MAP  OP  THE   UNITED  STATES. 


w 


What  river  in  the  Eastern  part  of  New  York  ?    h. 

71.,  This  river  is  sometimes  called  the  North  river  and 
sometimes  the  Hudson. 

What  river  separates  Vermont  from  New  Hampshire, 
and  passes  through  Massachusetts  and  Connecticut  into 
Long  Island  sound  ?    c. 

72.  The  body  of  water  between  Long  Island  and  Connecti- 
cut is  called  Long  Island  sound. 

What  are  the  three  principal  rivers  in  Maine  ?    a.  k.  p. 

What  river  rises  in  the  Northern  part  of  Maine,  and 
passesthrough  New  Brunswick  into  the  bay  of  Fundy  ?  st-j. 

What  river  flows  from  lake  Ontario  into  the  Gulf  of  St. 
Lawrence  ? 

What  river  forms  most  of  the  boundary  between  Canada 
East  and  Canada  West  ? 


Which  of  the  lakes  between  the  United  Stattd  and  Brit- 
ish America  is  largest  ?    8.    Which  is  smaUest  ?    st-c. 
Which  is  most  Eastern  ?    o.    Which  most  Western  ?    w. 
How  many  of  these  lakes  are  longest  from  East  to  West  ? 

S.  E.  O. 

What  two  lakes  lie  wholly  in  the  United  States  ?    m.  c. 
With  what  is  lake  Champlain  connected  ?    st.-L.  by  s.  r. 
What  four  lakes  are  longest  from  North  to  South  ?    w. 

M.  H.  C. 

What  five  lakes  border  on  Michigan  ?    s.  h.  c.  e.  m.  ' 

What  three  lakes  border  on  New  York  ?    e.  o.  c. 

Which  of  the  lakes  do  you  think  is  highest  above  the  level 
of  the  ocean  ?    Why  is  lake  Superior  highest  ? 

73.  The  great  chain  of  lakes  hptw^An  th«  Th^it^A  c*.,. j 

British  America  all  discharge  their  waters  by  the  river  St. 
Lawrence  into  the  ocean.     The  surface  of  lake  Superior  is 


58 


EXERCISES   ON  THE 


641  feet  above  the  level  of  the  Atlantic.  It  abounds  with 
fish,  particularly  trout,  weighing  from  12  to  50  pounds ;  with 
white  fish,  weighing  often  more  than  20  pounds ;  sturgeon, 
&c.,  dec,  whieh  are  caught  at  all  seasons  in  large  quantities. 
Its  waters  are  remarkably  clear  and  transparent.  It  receives 
more  than  30  rivers,  and  discharges  its  waters  into  lake  Hu- 
ron by  St.  Mary*8  river  or  strait.  There  are  rapids  or  falls  in 
this  river  which  prevent  vessels  from  passing  into  Superior 
from  lake  Huron.  The  Pictured  Rocks  on  the  South-eastern 
shore  are  a  great  curiosity.  They  extend  12  miles  in  length, 
and  form  a  perpendicular  wall  300  feet  high.  The  region 
South  of  lake  Superior  is  rich  in  minerals.  Copper  is  found 
in  immense  quantities. 

Through  what  must  the  waters  of  lake  Superior  pass  to 
reach  the  ocean  ? 

74.  Through  St.  Mary's  river,  lake  Huron,  river  St.  Clair, 
lake  St.  Clair,  Detroit  river,  lake  Erie,  Niagara  river,  lake 
Ontario,  river  St.  Lawrence,  and  gulf  of  St.  Lawrence. 

Through  what  must  the  waters  of  Fox  river  pass  to 
reach  the  ocean  ?  . 

75.  The  narrow  body  of  water  which  connects  lake  Michi- 
gan and  lake  Huron  is  called  the  strait  of  Mackinaw. 

Through  what  must  the  waters  of  the  Alleghany  river 
pass  to  reach  the  ocean  ? 

Through, what  must  the  waters  of  St.  Louis  river  pass  to 
reach  the  ocean  ? 

How  many  feet  must  the  waters  of  lake  Superior  de- 
scend to  reach  the  ocean  ?    Why  641  feet?     73. 

Which  appears  to  be  highest,  lake  Erie  or  lake  Ontario  ? 

76.  The  surface  of  lake  Erie  is  334  feet  higher  than  lake 
Ontario,  and  565  feet  above  tide  water  in  the  Hudson  or 
North  river  at  Albany. 


MAP  OP   THE    UNITED    STATES. 


59 


. 


Is  New  Hampshire  Beparated  from  Vermont  by  a  natural 
or  artificial  boundary  ?     23. — 4. . 

77.  An  ocean,  sea,  lake,  river,  or  mountain,  is  called  a  nat- 
ural boundary.  A  dotted  line  on  the  map  is  called  an  arti- 
ficial boundary. 

Is  New  Jersey  separated  from  Pennsylvania  by  a  natural 
or  artificial  boundary  ? 

Pennsylvania  from  Ohio?  Ohio  from  Indiana  ?  Indiana 
from  Illinois  ?  Illinois  from  Missouri  ?  Missouri  from  Ar- 
kansas ?     Arkansas  from  Mississippi  ? 

What  three  capes  East  of  Massachusetts  ?    a.  c.  m. 
What  is  the  Eastern  point  of  Long  Island  called  ?    Mon- 
tauk  point. 

What  cape  or  hook  East  of  New  Jersey  ?    s. 

What  two  capes  at  the  entrance  of  Delaware  bay  ?    m.  h. 

What  two  capes  at  the  entrance  of  Chesapeake  bay? 
c.  H.  ^ 

What  three  capes  East  of  North  CaroHna?    h.  L.and 
Fear. 

What  cape  South  of  Florida  ?    s. 

What  cape  on  the  Western  coast  of  Florida  ?    k. 

What  two  islands  South-east  of  Massachusetts  ?     Nan- 
tucket and  Martha's  Vineyard. 

What  large  island  South  of  Connecticut  ? 

» •      i» 

What  mountains  in  Virginia  ? 

What  mountains  between  Kentucky  and  Virginia? 

What  mountains  in  Missouri  ? 

What  mountains  extend  through  the  Western  part  of 
Texas  ? 


60 


EXERCISES   ON   THE 


What  mountains  separate  Nebraska  territory  from  Ore- 
gon ?  »  ' 


To  what  degree  of  North  latitude  does  the  Southern 
point  of  Florida  extend  ? 

Through  what  states  does  the  30th  parallel  of  North  lati- 
tude pass  y    The  35th  ?    The  40th  ?    The  45th  ? 

In  what  zone  are  the  United  States  ? 


Which  is  the  largest  state  ?  * 

How  many  square  miles  has  Texas  ? 

Which  is  the  next  largest  ?    Population  of  Virginia  ? 

What  is  the  extent  of  Michigan  in  square  miles  ?  Mis- 
iouri?  Georgia?  Arkansas?  Wisconsin?  Iowa?  Illi- 
nois ?    Alabama  ? 

Which  is  the  smallest  state?  How  many  square  miles 
has  Rhode  Island  ? 


What  is  the  population  of  Rhode  Island?    Delaware? 
Connecticut?    Massachusetts?    New  York?    Ohio? 


How  many  of  the  United  States  are  longer  from  East  to 
West  than  from  North  to  South  ?  • 

Which  state  has  the  largest  extent  of  sea-coast? 

How  many  states  have  any  sea-coast? 

Have  all  the  states  access  to  the  ocean  by  means  of  navi- 
gable rivers  ? 


What  city  in  the  United  States  has  the  longest  line  of 
communication  with  the  interior  of  the  country  by  means  of 
navigable  rivers  ?    New  Orleans. 

78.  By  means  of  the  Mississippi  and  its  numerous  branches, 
New  Orleans  has  about  twenty  thousand  miles  of  steamboat 
navigation. 


■€      re 
•     Li 


)m  Ore- 

t 

louthem 
trth  lati- 


lia? 
?     Mis- 

i?  nii- 

re  miles 


laware  ? 
)? 

East  to 


jf  navi- 


line  of 
leans  of 

anches, 
amboat 


.■■f 


MAP    OF    CANADA. 

MAP    OF    CANADA.* 


60* 


In  what  part  of  British  America  is  Canada  ^ 

What  name  is  usually  given  to  the  Eastern  part  o^  Canada  ' 

What  name  is  given  to  the  Western  part  ^ 

What  river  separates  Canada  East  from  Canada  West  ? 

Welt  1  '*  ^^"*^'    ^*"*^^   ^*«*  ^'  C*»«^» 

SouthT*'^*'  ^^^'^^  ""^  ^"""^^  ***'*"'^^  ^^'^^  ^^"^^^  W««*  e^*^"'^ 
What  great  lakes  border  on  Canada  West "» 
What  large  bay  on  the  Eastern  part  of  Lake  Huron  ! 
What  lakes   are  connected    by  rivers  to   Georgian    Bay 

What  noted  falls  in  Niagara  River? 

Lawretfcel^^'^  ^"^^  ^^^^  ^"'^'^  Ontario  in   the    Gulf  of  St. 

What  river  empties  into  the  St.  Lawrence  near  Montreal' 
W  hat  rivers  empty  into  the  Ottawa  River ' 

v.n;  V*  iT'J^''^.  ^'"""^  ^^^^  Champlain  into  the  St.  Law- 
rence  1     The  Sorelle  or  St.  John's. 

Lawrence''''^'    '""^    ^'''"'   ^""^^    ^*-    '^''^^     '"*''     *^^    ^^•■ 


On  what  river  IS  Quebec  situated— about  what  latitude  ' 
W  hat  island  m  the  St.  Lawrence  just  below  Quebec  ? 
What  noted  falls  m  the  Montmorenci  river  near  Quebec  ' 

Lawrence  r"   **  *^^  ^"""'*'''"  "^  **""  ^*-  ^^^"^^  ^^^  ^t. 
What  town  at  the  junction  of  the  Sorelle  and  St  L 
How  IS  Montreal,  the  largest  city  in  Canada,  situated  ! 
On  Montreal  island  in  the  St.  Lawrence,  180  miles  above 


In  i-fo^?  ^?  originally  settled  by  the  French,  and  called  New  France 
inH  hJ'  ".'«'««  taken  by  the  English,  and  in  1763  ceded  to  thenJbvtreStv 
and  has  since  formed  a  part  of  the  Rritinh  dominions  In  179  Uw-^.: 
divided  into  two  Provinces-called  Upper  and  Lowe?"  CaSada''  tZ^. 
Provinces  continued  separate  and  distinct  until  FTb  lS°  when  & 
were  again  united  under  one  government.  At  thJ fLJriit\^li\yit^. 
K'^Zr^Vlr  ^H**  changed  to  Canada  East,  and  ihaVoi'  the^lW^to 
Q;:?ec  •    ^^"  P''''"*  ^"*  of  government,  or  capital  of  Jaffi',  ? 


60**        MAP    OF    NEW  BRUNSWICK  AND  NOVA  SCOTIA. 

What  two  towns  nearly  opposite  to  Montreal  1 

What  i^wn  at  the  No'rthern  extremity  of  Lake  Champlain  1 

What  town  on  the  St.  Lawrence  opposite  to  Ogdensburg  ? 

What  town  on  the  St.  Lawrence  above  Prescott  1 

What   town    at    the    North    Eastern  extremity   of  Lake 

Ontario  1 

The  Rideau  Canal  extends  from  Kingston  to  By  Town,  thus 

connecting  Lake  Ontario  and  the  Ottawa  river. 

What  town  on  the  Ottawa  at  the  terminus  of  the  Rideau 

Canal  1 

Where  is  Coburg"?     Port  Hopel      Toronto?     Hamilton  i 

Dundas  ?     Queenston  ?     Woodstock  ?     London  ?     Windsor  ? 

Sherbroke  ?     Richmond  ? 

MAP  OF  NEW  BRUNSWICK  AND  NOVA  SCOTIA. 

What  river  and  bay  North  of  New  Brunswick  ? 

What  gulf  a. id  striat  on  the  East?  What  bay  on  the 
South  1 

What  state  on  the  West  1  What  is  the  capital  of  New 
Brunswick  ?     p.  • 

Which  is  the  largest  river  in  New  Brunswick  1     St.  J, 


III  what  direction  is  Nova  Scotia  longest  1 

What  cape  South  of  Nova  Scotia  1     What  cape  East  1 

What  bay  and  strait  North  of  Nova  Scotia  1 

For  what  is  the  Bay  of  Fundy  remarkable  1     For  its  high 

tides. 

What  is  the  capital  of  Nova  Scotia  1     What  othp'-  towns  1 
What  separates  Nova  Scotia  from  Cape  Breton  1  ■" 
What  separates  Prince  Edwards  Isle  from  N.  Brunswick  1 
What  is  the  capital  of   Prince  Edward's  1     c.     Of  Cape 

Breton  1     s. 

Is  Nova  Scotia  an  island,  or  a  peninsula  1     Why  1 
What  prevents  Nova  Scotia  from  being  an  island  ? 
What  is  the  Extent  and  Population  of 


Square  Miles. 

Canada  West  1 147,832  . 

Canada  East  1 201,989  . 

New  Bninswick  1        ...,,..     27.700 
Nova  Scotia?* 18^746  , 


Population- 
.  .  999,847 
.  .  810,000 

.  300,000 


] 
1 

1 

I 

I 

Wh 

V 

y 

\\ 

w 
w 
w 

Wi 

Wl 

WI 

Wl 

Wh 

Wh 

sea? 

Wh 

Whi 

Whj 
Wha 
Wha 


OTIA. 

I^hamplain  1 

;clensburg  ? 

1 

ty   of   Lake 

Town,  thus 

the  Bideau 

Hamilton  1 
Windsor  ? 

SCOTIA. 

bay  on  the     | 
ital  of  New 
St.  J. 

J  East  1 

i'or  its  high 

hp'  towns  ? 

trunswick  1 
3.     Of  Cape 

id? 

Population- 
.  .  999,847 
.  .  810,000 

.  .  300,000 


MAP   OF   SOUTH  AMERICA. 


61 


I 


ova  Scotia. 


MAP   OF  SOUTH   AMERICA 
in  what  direction  from  us  18  South  America  ?»■ 
in  what  hemisphere  is  South  America  ? 
In  wh,ch  part  of  the  Western  hemisphere  ? 
Wj^h  what  Grand  Division  is  South  America  connected? 
rt  7^."""'. '='"'"-'''  North  and  South  AmericaT 
In  what  direction  is  South  America  longest  ? 

m^:  S     ^^""^  '^•^  •■»  North  or'  South  btitude? 

* 

What  sea  on  the  North  ^Ts^th  America  ? 
What  ocean  on  the  East  of  it  ?    a. 
What  strait  on  the  South  ?    m. 
What  ocean  on  the  West  ?    p. 


Which  is  the  most  Northern  division  of  South  America  ? 
Which  IS  the  most  Eastern  division  ?  -^menca  ? 

Which  is  the  most  Southern  division  ? 
Which  IS  the  most  Western  division  ? 
What  divisions  border  on  the  Caribbean  sea? 
What  divisions  border  on  the  Atlantic  ? 
What  divisions  border  on  the  Pacific  ? 
Which  dmsion  borders  both  on  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  ? 
^  Jhich  division  boilers  on  the  Pacific  and  Cari^In 

Which  division  has  the  ffreatp^t  PYf««*  «*• 

wk;«k  a-  '  •      ^  *"  ""*'  greace.vt  extent  of  sea-coast  ? 

Which  division  has  no  sea^oast  ? 


What  divisions  does  the  Equator  cross? 

W  nat  divisions  does  Ae  Tmpic  of  Capricorn  cross  ? 

What  divisions  border  on  New  Grenada?    bTv 


62 


EXERCISES   ON    THE 


What  divisions  border  on  Equador  ?     On  Peru  ? 
What  di^ions  border  on  Bolivia  ?     On  Chili  ? 
What  divisions  border  on  Buenos  Ayres  ?     On  Brazil  ? 
What  divisions  and  bodies  of  water  border  on  Patagonia? 
Which  is  the  largest  division  oi  South  America?    b. 
Which  is  the  smallest  division  ?    p. 


Which  is  the  most  Northern  cape  of  South  America?   a. 
Which  is  the  most  Eastern  cape  ?     st.-R. 
Which  la  the  most  Southern  cape  ?     H. 
Which  is  the  most  Western  cape  ?     B. 
•Between  what  capes  is  South  America  longest?    O.  H. 
Between  what  capes  is  it  widest  ?    st-B.  b. 

What  island  on  the  coast  of  Venezuela,  near  the  mouth 
of  the  Orinoco  ?     T. 

What  island  at  the  mouth  of  the  Aniazon  ?    J. 

What  two  islands  South-east  of  Patagonia?    F, 

What  island  South-east  of  Falkland  islands  ?    s-G. 

What  islands  South  of  Patagonia?    t-d-f.* 

What  island  South  of  Chili?    O, 

What  islands  West  of  Chili  ? 

79!  The  largest  of  tliese  islands,  Mas-a-tierra,  is  remark- 
able for  having  been  the  residence  of  Alexander  Selkirk,  a 
Scottish  sailor,  who  passed  several  years  alone  on  the  island, 
and  whose  life  and  adventures  furnished  the  ground-work  of 
the  interesting  story  of  Robinson  Crusoe. 

What  islands  North-west  of  Chili  ?    Bt-A.  and  st.-F. 


♦  Tierra  Del  Fuego  means  "  Land  of  Fire." 
were  so  named  froiu  the  nres  seen  along  their 


These  islands 

discoverers,  who  supposed  them  volcanic.  The  inhabitants 
are  friendly  and  peaceable,  but  rude  and  ignorant,  like  the 
Indian  tribes  of  Patagonia.    They  live  by  fishing. 


MAP   OF   SOUTH   AMERICA. 


63 


Del  Fucgo  from    Pata- 


G. 


What  strait  separates  Ticrra 
gonia  ?    M. 

What  mountains  extend  from  the  straits  of  Ticrra  Del 
Fue«?o  to  the  isthmus  of  Darien  ? 

Through  which  part  of  South  America  do  the  Andci 
extend  ? 

Which  is  the  highest  peak  of  the  Andes  ?    8. 

Where,  and  how  many  foet  high,  is  Mf  ant  Sorata  ? 

SO.  The  learner  will  remember  there  are  5,2S0  feet  in  a 
mile  ;  and  hence  by  dividing  25,380  feet  by  5,2S''  .'  will  see 
that  Mount  Sorata  is  nearly  five  miles  high. 

Where  is  Mount  Chlmborazo?    It  is  21,24  >  f  ot  Ki  b. 
What  mountains  in  the  Western  part  of  Bra?    ?     o. 
What  mountains  in  the  Eastern  part  of  Brazil  ?    Brazil- 
ian mts. 

What  mountains  separate  Guiana  from  Brazil  ?    A. 
What  two  volcanoes  in  Equador?    c.  p.     13. 


Volcano  of  Cotopaxi. 


64 


EXERCISES   ON   THE 


81.  Cotopaxi  is  one  of  the  mo?t  tremendous  volcanoes  in 
the  world.     It  is  19,408  feet  high,  and  is  the  most  beautiful 
of  all  the  colossal    summits  of  the  Andes—presenting  the 
form  of  a  regular  and  smooth  cone,  wrapped  in  a  covering  of 
snow  and  ice  of  the  purest  white,  which  shines  in  the  rays  of 
the  sun  with  dazzling  splendor.    It  is  in  a  constant  state  of 
activity.     Many  of  its  eruptions  have  been  terrible,  the  flames 
rising  3,000  feet  above  the  crater,  and  its  roarings  heard  600 
miles.    Pmchinca,  or  Pinchincha,  is  15,000  feet  high.     It  was 
formerly  a  volcano;  but  the  mouth  or  crater  on  one  of  its 
sides,  is  now  covered  with  sand  or 'calcined  matter,  so  that  at 
present  neither  smoke  nor  ashes  issue  from  it. 


Into  what  do  the  rivers  of  South  America  principaUy 
empty?  '^       ^    ^ 

Which  is  the  largest  river  ?    The  Amazon  is  from  150  to 
180  miles  wide  at  its  mouth. 

In  what  division  and  mountains  does  tie  Amazon  rise  ? 
P.  and  A. 

Which  is  Tiext  in  size  to  the  Amazon?    d-l-p. 
What  two  rivers  form  the  Rio  De  La  Plata  ?    p.  u. 
.  Which  is  next  in  size  to  the  Rio  De  La  Plata  ?    o. 
In  what  division  is  the  Orinoco  ?    v. 

What  river  empties  into  the  Caribbean  sea?    m. 

What  river  empties  into  the  Magdalena  ?    c. 

What  river  in  the  Eastern  part  of  Brazil  ?    s-p. 

Between  what  two  rivers  is  Paraguay  ?    p.  p. 

What  river  from  Bdfivia  emp^es  into  the  Paraguay  ?    p. 

^Wha*  gulf  in  the  North-western  part  of  New  Grana- 

Wjiat  gulf  South  of  the  isthmus  of  Darien  ?    p 
What  gulf  North-west  of  Peru  ?    g. 


f 


t 


MAP   OF   SOUTH   AMERICA. 


65 


p. 


t 


- 


What  gulf  East  of  Patagonia  ?    s-a. 
What  guli'  West  of  Patagonia  ?    c 


What  bay  in  the  Eastern  part  of  Brazil  ?    a-s. 
What  bay  in  the  Southern  part  of  Buenos  Ayres  ? 
What  bay  East  of  Patagonia  ?    8t.-G. 


What  lake  in  the  Northern  part  of  Venezuela  ? 

What  lake  in  the  Southern  part  of  Brazil  ? 

What  lake  in  Buenos  Ayres  ?    8. 

What  lake  in  the  South-eastern  part  of  Peru  ?    t. 

82.  Titicaca  is  the  largest  lake  in  South  America.     It  is 
about  250  miles  in  circuit  and  400  feet  deep.     The  water, 
though  neither  salt  nor  brackish,  is  muddy  and  nauseous  to 
the  taste.     To  the  Peruvian  Indians,  this  lake  is  a  sacred  ob- 
ject ;  since,  according  to  their  most  sacred  traditions,  it  was 
on  an   island  in  its  center,  that  Manco  Capac  and  Mama 
Oella,  his  wife,  the  founder  of  the  great  Peruvian  empire, 
first  appeared  to  give  laws  and  arts  to  the  inhabitants.     He 
declared  himself  and  wife  to  be  children  of  the  sun,  sent 
down  to  civilize  and  instruct  them.     Manco  taught  the  men 
agriculture  and  other  useful  arts,  whilst  his  wife  instructed 
the  women  to  spin  and  weave.     He  ordered  sacrifices  to  be 
offered  to  the  sun,  as  the  benefactor  of  men.     Probably,  he 
and  bis  wife  came  from  some  civilized  country,  and  employed 
religion  to  procure  an  ascendency  over  the  Indians ;  and  by 
this  means  he  was  enabled  to  form  a  regular  government. 
In  1043,  Manco  founded  the  city  of  Cuzco,  which  continued 
the  capital  of  the  empire  until  its  conquest  by  the  Spaniards 
under  Pizarro,  in    1534.      The   history  of  Peru,  under  the 
Incas,  or  Emperors,  is  exceedintrlv  intf>rP!fitincr  nn/i  :nat>-"f>tivft 

-•  rrj    jj ••'fl'i  Motive. 

In  what  parts  of  Brazil  are  there  extensive  plains  ? 

6* 


66 


EXERCISES   ON   THE 


In  what  part  of  Buenos  Ayres  are  there  plains  ? 

83.  These  plains,  called  pampas,  are  very  extensive,  stretch- 
ing from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Andes.  They  are  destitute  of 
trees  and  covered  with  high  grass,  like  the  prairies  in  our 
Western  States.  Numerous  herds  of  cattle,  horses,  and  other 
animals,  range  over  them.  The  Guacos,  or  inhabitants  of 
the  pampas,  live  mostly  on  horseback,  and  catch  these  ani- 
mals by  skillfully  throwing  around  the  neck  or  legs,  a  lasso  or 
leather  rope. 

What  mines  in  the  Eastern  part  of  Brazil  ?     o. 

What  region  North-east  of  these  gold  mines  ? 

What  mines  in  Bolivia  ?    Near  what  city  are  they  ?    p. 

84.  The  silver  mines  of  Potosi,so  celebrated  throughout  the 
world,  were  accidentally  discovered  by  a  Peruvian  Indian  in 
1545,  named  Hualp^,  or  Hualca.  Since  their  discovery  ac- 
cording  to  the  best  estimates,  there  have  been  coined  more 
than  2,000,000,000  of  dollars  of  silver,  besides  a  large  amount 
of  gold. 


In  what  zone  is  that  part  of  South  America  which  lies 
North  of  the  Tropic  of  Capricorn  ? 

In  what  zone  is  that  part  which  lies  South  of  the  Tropic 
of  Capricorn  ?  ^ 

Then  in  what  zones  is  South  America  ? 

What  divisions  lie  partly  in  the  Torrid  and  partly  in  the 
South  Temperate  Zone  ? 

What  divisions  lie  wholly  in  the  Torrid  Zone  ? 

What  divisions  He  wholly  in  the  South  Temperate  Zone  ? 

Is  the  Northern  or  Southern  part  of  .louth  America 
warmest?    Why?     32. 

Is  the  Northoru  or  SoutLeru  part  of  North  America 
warmest  ?    32. 


I 


1 


MAP  OP   SOUTH   AMERICA. 


67 


^* 


What  great  vaUey  in  the  Northern  part  of  Braza  ?    20. 

85.  The  Valley  of  the  Amazon  is  of  great  extent,  reaching 
from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Andes,  and  about  1700  miles  in 
breadth  from  North  to  South,  comprising  an  area  of  about 
two  million  square  miles. 

Which  part  of  the  vaUey  of  the  Amazon  is  the  lowest, 
the  Eastern  or  the  Western  part?  The  Northern  and 
Southern,  or  the  central  ?     Why  ?     3. 

Which  country  do  you  think  is  most  elevated,  or  highest? 

X^'my'^rT''    '^'''     '•     BoHvia  or  luenos 

What  is  the  capital  of  New  Grenada?  b.  Venezuela? 
c.  Ut  Guiana?  Georgetown  is  the  capital  of  English 
Gmana  Paramaribo  of  Dutch  Guiana,  and  Cayenne  of 
French  Gmana.  OfEquador?  q.  Of  Peru  ?l.  Of 
Bohvia?  €.  Of  Chili?  s.  Of  Buenos  Ayres?  b  Of 
Paraguay?  a.  Of  Uruguay?  m-v.  OfBra.il?  b^ 
Of  Patagonia?    Why  no  capital  in  Patagonia ? 

What  does  the  picture  on  the  top  of  the  map  ^present  ? 

86.  The  ladies  of  Lima  are  celebrated  for  their  vivacity  and 
beauty.  In  walking  abroad  they  wear  a  manto,  a  larre  loose 
cloak  of  black  silk  gauze,  which  is  wrapped  round  even  the 
face,  usually  concealing  all  except  one  or  both  of  the  eyes 
Under  this  disguise  they  amuse  themselves  by  mingling  with 
the  crowds  in  the  streets,  to  see  whatever  is  going  on,  and  by 
addressing  their  friends  without  being  known  by  them. 

What  does  the  next  picture  represent  ? 

What  does  the  third  picture  represent  ? 

Have  yo'i  ever  seen  any  of  these  animals  ? 

What  does  the  fourth  picture  represent  ? 


oa 


EXERCISES  ON  THE 


i 


i 


What  does  the  picture  on  the  bottom  of  the  map  repre- 
ient? 

87.  The  Patagonians  are  of  large  size,  brave,  and  excellent 
horsemen.  They  consist  of  a  number  of  Indian  tribes,  and 
wander  from  the  straits  of  Magellan  to  the  pampas  in  Buenoa 
Ayres.  They  are  often  engaged  in  war  with  the  Spaniards, 
and  are  formidable  by  their  courage  and  numbers.  Ihe 
GuacQ  is  of  Spanish  origin,  inhabits  the  pampas,  and  leads  a 
life  of  wild  independence.  His  chief  employment  is  catch- 
ing wild  cattle  with  the  lasso.  Between  him  and  the  Indians 
there  is  a  perpetual  war. 


What  is  the  extent  of  South  America  in  square  miles  ? 

What  is  the  probable  population  of  South  America  ? 

From  what  meridian  is  the  longitudo  reckoned  on  the  top 
of  the  map  ?    Where  is  Greenwich  ?    . 

From  what  meridian  is  the  longitude  reckoned  on  the 
bottom  of  the  map  ?    Where  is  Washington  ? 

What  is  the  difference  of  longitude  between  Greenwich 
and  Washington  ? 

Can  you  go  from  South  America  to  Europe  by  land  ? 
Why  not?  In  what  direction  must  you  sail,  and  what 
ocean  cross,  in  going  from  South  America  to  Europe  ? 

Between  what  degrees  of  latitude  and  longitude  does 
South  America  lie  r 

Between  12  North  and  56  degrees  South  latitude,  and 
between  35  and  82  degrees  West  longitude  from  Green- 
wich. 


t.. 


11 


MAP  OF  EUBOPB. 


69 


does 


.^ 


MAP  OF   EUROPE. 
In  what  direction  from  us  is  Europe  ? 
In  which  hemisphere  is  Europe? 
In  which  part  of  the  Eastern  hemisphere  ? 
With  what  grand  division  is  Europe  connected  ? 
Does  Europe  He  in  North  or  South  latitude  ?    Why  ? 
What  ocean  North  of  Europe?    a. 
What  grand  division  East  of  Europe  ?    a. 
What  sea  South  of  Europe  ?    m. 
What  ocean  West  of  Europe  ?    a.  / 


Is  Europe  connected  with  Africa? 
.    What  sea  separates  it  from  Africa? 
^     In  what  direction  is  Europe  longest  ? 

Which  is  broadest,  the  Northern  or  Southern  part  ? 
What  large  empire  in  the  Eastern  part  of  Europe  ?    b. 
What  divisions  border  on  the  Western  part  of  Russia  ? 
What  divisions  border  on  Turkey  ?    On  Austria  ? 
What  divisions  border  on  Prussia  ?    On  Germany? 
What  divisions  border  on  France  ?    On  Italy  ? 
What  divisions  border  on  Spain  ?    On  Switzerland  ? 

What  divisions  border  on  the  Mediterranean?    s.  f.  i 
T.  o. 

What  divisions  border  on  the  Baltic  ?    g.  d.  s.  b.  p. 

What  divisions  border  on  the  Black  sea  ?    b.  t. 

What  divisions  border  on  the  North  sea?    N.  d.  g.  h.  b. 

x»  £•  B« 

What  divisionR  KnivlAr  rt«  *l,^    «.,1^  ^r  ir f^_  o       .     _ 

,  ^  -'  •---    ft""  vi     TUiucu  i      A.  I.  T. 

What  divisions  border  on  the  bay  of  Biscay  ?    p.  s. 
What  divisbns  border  on  the  British  Channel  ?    r.  e. 


70 


EXERCISES   ON   THE 


What  division  extends  from  the  Caspian  sea  to  the  Arc- 
tic ocean  ? 

What  division  extends  from  the  Arctic  ocean  to  the 
North  sea  ?    n. 

What  division  extends  from  the  North  sea  to  thiv Balt- 
ic?    D.  -  X 

What  division  extends  from  the  Baltic  to  the  Black 
tea  ?    R. 

What  division  extends  from  the  Black  sea  to  the  Mediter- 

xanean?    t. 

What  divisions  extend  fi\)m  the  Mc'viiterranean  ,to  the 

Atlantic  ?    f.  &. 

Whhh  is  the  largest  bland  in  Europe  ?     G  rc.at  Britain. 

88.  The  island  comprismg  England,  fre  nland  and  Wales, 
is  called  Great  Britain.  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  are  called 
the  British  isles.     " 

In  what  part  of'Gi-eat  Britain  is  England  ? 

In  what  part  is  Scoiland  ?    In  what  part  is  Wales  ? 

What  large  island  West  of  Great  Britain  ?    i. 

What  large  island  West  of  Norway  ?    i. 

What  four  clusters  of  islands  North  and  West  of  Scot- 
land ?     F.  8.  o.  H. 

What  islands  South-east  of  Spain  ?    i.  m.  m. 

Ivica,  Majorca  and  Minorca,  are  called  the  Balearic  islands. 
They  were  so  calldd  by  the  Greeks,  because  the  inhabitants 
were  expert  archers  and  slingers. 

What  two  large  islands  West  of  Italy  ?    c.  s. 

What  large  island  near  the  Southern  point  of  Italy  ?    8. 

What  island  South  of  Sicily  ?    Malta  belongs  to  Great 

Britain^ 
What  island  South  of  the  Archipelago  ? 
What  island  in  the  Eastern  part  of  the  Mediterranean  ?  c. 


MAP   OF   EUROPE. 


71 


What  two  islands  at  the  entrance  of  the  Baltic  ?    Zealand 

aBd  Fimen. 

Oj,  Tbo  lage  island  on  which  Copenhagen  is  situated,  is 
Ze  iland;  the  o  i-  West  of  it,  is  Funen.  The  portion  of  land 
hotvcttn  ihs  Atnvntic  on  the  West,  and  the  Cattegat  and  Baltic 
on  the  East,  is  called  the  peninsula  of  Jutland.  DeMmark 
consists  principally  of  the  peninsula  of  Jutland,  and  the  isl- 
ands of  Zealand  and  Funen. 

The  Asiutic  coast  of  the  Mediterranean  and  Archipelago, 
from  Constantinople  to  Alexandria  in  Egypt,  is  often  called 
«*  the  Levant."  Levant  properly  signifies  *♦  the  East."  The 
Mediterranean  East  of  Candia,  is  usually  called  by  seamen, 
**  the  Levant  sea." 


What  sea  East  of  Great  Britain  ?    n.  ' 

What  sea  between  England  and  Ireland  ?    i. 
What  sea  between  Sweden  and  Russia  and  Prusaa?    b. 
What  sea  in  the  Northern  part  of  Kussia  ?    w. 
What  three  seas  South  of  Russia  ?    c.  a.  b. 
What  three  seas  East  of  Turkey  ?    b.  m.  A.  * 
What  large  sea  South  of  Europe  ?    m.      •  i 

What  ten  seas  in  and  around  Europe  ?    c.  A.  b.  m.  a.  m. 
I.  N.  B.  w. 


What  gulf  East  of  Italy  ?,  v. 


*  Archipelago,  a  term  oftefi  applied  to  a  lirge  group  or  clus- 
ter of  islunds.  See  17.  The  most  noted  is  the  Grccinn  Arch- 
ipelago, between  Greece  and  Turkey  on  the  West  and  Asia 
Minor  on  the  East.  It  contains  numerous  islands.  Tlio  most 
f^.ted  are  Negropont,  Scio,  Sarnos,  Rhodes,  xMytilene,  Patmos. 

&C.        This    bodv    nf     WRt^r    AVna    fWri-nurlu-  nnlL.<l     »l ic    7i.-* 

Sea. 


M 


ic      xi:.gcaiL 


72 


EXERCISES  ON   THE 


I 


I     i 


What  gulf  South-east  of  Italy  ?    t. 

What  Gulf  in  the  North-western  part  of  Italy  ?    o. 

What  gulf  South  of  France  ?    l. 

What  gulf  North  of  the  Baltic  ?    b. 

What  two  gulfs  East  of  the  Baltic  ?    p.  R.        ,     , 

What  gulf  in  Greece  ?    The  gulf  of  Lepanto  * 

Which  is  the  only  large  bay  in  Europe  ?    b.  ^ 

Where  is  the  bay  of  Biscay  situated  ? 

The  bay  or  gulf  in  Holland  is  called  "  The  Zuyder  Zee." 


B. 


What  channel  between  France  and  England  ? 
What  channel  South  of  Wales  ?    b. 
What  channel  between  Wales  and  Ireland  ?    st.-o. 
What  channel  between  Ireland  and  Scotland  ?    n. 
What  channel  between  Denmark  and  Norway  ?    s. 
What  channel  between  Denmark  and  Sweden  ?    c. 


o. 


What  strait  between  England  and  France  ?    d. 
What  strait  at  the  entrance  of  the  Mediterranean  ? 
What  strait  between  Corsica  and  Sardinia  ?    B. 
What  strait  between  Sicily  and  Italy  ?    m. 
What  strait  at  the  entrance  of  the  gulf  of  Venice  ?    o. 

■  ftl.  The  strait  of  Dardanelles  conneots  tl\e  Archipelago  and 
sea  of  Marmora.  The  Bosphorus,  or  strait  of  Constantinople, 
connects  the  sea  of  Marmora  and  Blapk  sea. 

What  bodies  of  water  does  the  strait  of  Dover  connect, 


•  The  gulf  in  the  central  part  of  Greece  is  called  the  gulf  of 
Lepanto.  That  part  of  Greece  which  lies  South  of  the  gulf  of 
Lepanto,  is  called  the  peninsula  of  Morea,  or  **  The  Morea." 

j^txv    iiKiiwTT      xiv/va.  vx    laiiu    WUIMU    WUSlUiilS    lU6Se     diVisiOUS  Of 

Greece,  is  called  the  isthmus  of  Corinth, 


MAP  OP  SUROPB. 


It 


and  what  countries  separate  ?  The  strait  of.  Gibraltar  ? 
The  strait  of  Otranto?  Strait  of  Dai^neUes  ?  Strait  of 
Constentinople?  St  George's  channel ?  North  channel? 
IBe  Skager  Rack  ?    The  Cattegat? 

What  cape  North  of  Norway  ?    n. 

What  cape  South-west  of  Norway  ?    n. 

What  cape  South-west  of  England  ?    l-b* 

What  cape  South  of  Ireland  ?    c. 

What  cape  North  of  France  ?    l-h. 

What  cape  North-west  of  Spain  ?    o. 

What  cape  West  of  Spain  ?    r. 

What  cape  South-west  of  Portugal  ?    st-v. 

What  cape  south  of  Italy?     Cape  Spartivento. 

What  cape  south  of  Greece  V    m. 

Which  is  the  most  Northern  cape  of  Europe  ?    n 
Which  is  the  most  Southern  cape  ?    Cape  Tra&lgar,  near 
the  strait  of  Gibraltar.  ^««««r,near 

Which  is  ferthest  East,  cape  Matapan  or  cape  North? 
Cape  Clear  or  cape  St.  Vincent  ?  Land»8  End  or  capo 
O-tegal?    Gape  Naze  or  cape  Bon,  in  Africa? 

What  peninsula  between  the  Black  sea  and  sea  of 
Azoff?    c. 

What  peninsula  in  the  Southern  part  of  Greece  ?  The 
Morea. 

What  peninsula  between  the  Atlantic  and  Baltic  ? 
Jutland. 


What  mountains  between  Norway  and  Sweden  ?    d. 
What  mountmns  between  France  and  Spain  ?    p.  " 
What?  moimtains  in  Switzerland  ?    a. 
•        7  .. 


f4 


EXERCISES  ON  THE 


i 


'    I 
i 


I 
I 


-  What  mountains  in  Italy  ?    a. 
What  mountains  in  Turkey  ?    b. 
What  mountains  between  Europe  and  Asi^  * 
What  mountains  between  the  Black  and  *' .   .,  »       m?   c. 
Which  is  the  highest  mountain  in  Europe  ?    Mont  Blanc. 
92.  Mont  Blanc,  the  highest  summit  ol  the  Alps,  is  15,766 
Cset  high.     Blanc  is  a  French  word,  sign  Tying  white.     It  is 
called  Mont  Blanc,  the  **  White  Mountain,"  on  account  of  it& 
white  appearance,  being  always  covered  with  snow  and  ice. 
The  next  highest  peak  of  the  Alps  in  Mount  Rosa,  15,380  feet 
high,  and  the  next  highest  summit  is  the  Great  St.  Bernard, 
10,780  feet  high.     On  the  North  side  of  Mont  Blanc  is  the 
celebrated  vale  of  Chaniouni,  -^ghteen  miles  long,  and  one 
and  a  half  broad.     Tlie  river  Arve  flows  through  the  centre 
of  it.     The  scenery  surrounding    the  vale  is  unrivaled  in 
beauty  and  grandeur.     It  is  forty-two  miles  from  Geneva,  and 
3,300  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.     The  glaciers  are  fields 
of  snow  and  ice,  extending  sometimes  fifteen  or  twenty  miles. 
Avalanches  are  immense  masses  of  siiow  and  ice,  which 
sometimes  fall  or  slide  from  the  mountains. 
What  mountains  in  Austria  ?    c 


93.  Hungary.  The  country  surrounded  by  the  Garpatiiian 
mountains  on  the  North  and  East,  by  Turk  v  on  tho  Sou*  , 
and  Austria  on  the  West,  is  called  Hungary.  It  comprises 
about  133,000  square  miles,  and  has  a  population  of  12,600- 
000  inhabitants.  Being  protected  by  high  mountains  frouA 
the  cold  winds  of  the  North  and  sloping  towards  the  South,  it 
enjoys  one  of  the  most  healthy  and  delightful  climates  in  Eu- 
rope. It  is  rich  in  minerals,  and  has  a  soil  of  great  fei  '  ty 
It  abounds  in  all  the  natural  productions  necessary  i\  th 
support  of  man.  Rivers  and  streams  water  the  country  in 
every  direction.  Between  the  Danube  and  Thels  Is  a  fertile 
I^ain  containing  more  than  21,000  square  miles.  There  are 
many  distinct  races  with  entirely  different  habits.    The  lead- 


MA?  OF   EUROPE. 


75 


indZf  ,  *' «^'  ^'^T  ^^^<^^^-  -'ginally  from  Asia 
and  settled  in  Hungary  in  &94. 

What  voJcaiio  in  Sicily  ?    e. 


Moun      -8UVIUS  and  Naples.' 
What  volcano  ne«    Napl  ^ 

What  volcano  in  Iceland  r    a. 


^What  r^ver  ™o«  in  the  .  ral  mountain,,  and  runs  into 
ttie  Caspian  sea  ?    u,  T 

What  boundary  dc.es  the  Ural  river  form  ? 

mat    ver  in  Rnssia,  the  largest  in  Europ.    empties  into 
the  Caspian  sea  ?     v.  *^         r 

^  hat  ri  er  empties  into  the  sea  of  Azc  if  ?     d. 

What      ge  river  in  Russia  empt^^s  int.        K^acksea?  i>. 
What  large  nver  f-om  Gemusny  emptie.-  'ntnthp  li 
sear    d. 


te 


EZSBCIStS  ON  TAB 


I 


i>  Wliat  two  rivers  in  France  empty  into  the  bay  oT  Biscay  ? 
o.  L. 

What  river  In  Franco  run«  into  the  British  channel  ?   8. 

What  two  rivers  rise  in  Switzerland  ?    B.  R. 
.    Where  does  the  Rhone  empty  ? 

Where  does  the  Rhine  empty  ? 
V   Wliere  does  the  Elbe  empty  ?    Oder?    Vistula?    Nie- 
men  ?    Dwina  ?    Tomea  ?    WMch  are  the  three  most  im- 
portant rivers  of  Europe  ?    The  VoI«ra,  Danube,  and  Rhine. 


What  three  lakes  in  Rossia  ?    o.  1. 1. 
.    What  two  lakes  in  Switzeriand  ?    Geneva  and  Constance. 
It  What  three  lakes  in  Sweden  ?    Wenner,  Wetter,  and 
MjOar. 


What  country  lu  the  Westei  a  part  of  Russia  ?  p. 
:  93.  Poland  was  formerly  one  of  the  most  powerful  king^ms 
in  Europe.  It  was  conquered,  and  in  1795  divided  between 
Russia,  Prussia,  and  Austria.  In  1815,  the  central  part  of 
Pc^and  was  erected  into  a  kingdom  by  the  Congress  of  Vienna, 
subject  to  the  emperor  of  Russia.  In  1830,  the  Poies  attempt- 
ed to  free  themselves  from  the  tyranny  of  the  Russians,  but 
were  soon  overpowered  and  forced  to  submit.  Poland  is  now 
merged  in  Russia,  and  no  longer  exists  as  an  independent 
state. 

What  nam^  is  given  to  the  Northern  part  of  Norway, 
Sweden,  and  Russia  ?    i« 

What  country  between  the  sea  of  Azoff  and  the  Caspian 
sea?    c.     • 

What  name  is  given  to  the  Southern  part  of  Caucasus  ?  c. 

.  What  sing^aar  people  in  the  North-eastern  part  of  Bus* 
sia?    8. 


^ODstance. 


MAP  OF  EUROPE.  .  jj 

e«.„d  fron.  .he  Whiu,  .a  J    Hvw'rsT •  ^'"' 
wards  of  2000  mile.   .«,!  r  o/«  '  '"  Siberia,  up- 

..Uiou.,a„dlivebyhun,i^r  ThT  ••  """"•"'  •"•«"- 
»n  i.«d.  Of  reind  Jr3-,u  J;.;'' Cr;  n'"*  ."T ""• 
«ent..  uten.il.,  &c.  ''  *^'  "'""'ing. 

What  i>  n.-.~.         '""'■f"""'™  the  Arctic  circle? 
^  What  IS  there  mnarkable  in  Iceland  bedde.  mount 

-pl^ateTzr  rrr  ri  *^r"  --'"• "»« 

noi«.  like  Uia,  of  oannor  *"  "'  ""  '^''  *""  « 


What  is  the  capital  of  Knidand?    i      nr  o    .1     .„ 

radve  Diet  hoM  its  session?    At  Frankfort  n«  T 
3Jjyne.     What  i,  the  capita,  j  SJ^L""^:  "Z 

^^!^lL!LL_2Ll!!^^lL:i_2^Turkej  ?  ■■  2 

•  Rome  is  usually  called  the  capital  of  ItaliT^riir,         T 

:r  '^:t-^i.i-' --"  -  ^'eanS^iarsCe; 

^,jj^„  is  aivitied  into  a  num  M»r  nf  -^«      . 
governments.     The  princiDal  arp  rh.  u    ^  separate 

ue  prmcipal  are  the  kingdoms  of  Sardinhi, 


'/  ■■■ 

I 


Nr 


T8 


EXERCISES  ON   THE 


Of  Rusaa?    8t.-p.    Of 


Greece?    a.     Of    Prussia?    b. 
Sweden?    s.     Of  Norway?    c. 

Wbich  of  these  capitals  is  farthest  North  ?    Which  is  far- 
thest East  ?    Which  ih  farthest  South  ?     Which  is  farthest 
West? 


Which  country  of  Europe  extends  farthest  North  ?    N. 

Which  extends  farthest  East?  R.  Which  extends  far- 
thest South?    8.    Which  extends  farthest  West?    i. 

What  bodies  of  water  border  on  England  ?  Scotland  ? 
Ireland?   Denmark?  Italy?    Turkey?   Greece?  Russia? 

In  what  zone  is  that  part  of  Europe  which  lies  North  of 
the  Arctic  circle  ? 

In  what  zone  is  that  part  which  lies  South  of  the  Arctic 

circle  ? 

In  what  zones,  then,  does  Europe  lie  ? 

In  what  zone  does  most  of  Europe  lie  ? 

What  countries  lie  partly  in  the  North  temperate  and 

North  fri^d  zones  ? 

Which  part  of  Europe  is  coldest?    Which  part  warmest  ? 

What  divisions  of  Europe  does  the  40th  parallel  of  North 
latitude  cross?  The  45th?  The  60th?  The  55th?  lie 
60th?     The  65th?     The  Arctic  circle  *=* 

In  what  longitude,  reckoning  from  Greenwich,  does  Eu- 
rope mostly  lie  ?     Why  in  East  longitude  ? 

What  parl3  of  Europe  lie  in  West  longitude  ? 

What  is  the  extent  of  Europe  in  square  miles  ? 


Lombardy  and  Venice,  Naples,  States  of  the  Church,  the 
Grand  Ducby  of  Tuscany. 


MAP  OP  ASIA. 


tg 


8t-P.      Of 

lich  is  far- 
is  faillest 

orth  ?  N. 
ctends  faX' 
•    I. 

Scotland  ? 
?  Russia? 

s  North  oS 

the  Arctic 


perate  and 

t  warmest? 

el  of  North 
»5th?    The 

[))does  Eu- 


uhurch,  th« 


What  is  the  probable  population  of  Europe  ? 

Suppose  you  should  sail  from  New  York  due  East,  across 
the  Atlantic,  at  what  point  of  Europe  would  you  first  arrive  ? 

{suppose  yoli  should  saU  from  Bristol,  England,  due  West 
^ross  the  Atlantic,  what  part  of  the  coast  of  the  United 
states  would  you  arrive  at  ?    Why  not  ? 

Euro^r?"""*  ^"^""'  "'  '*^*"''  '"^  ^^'^^^"^^  ^^' 

BeWeen  36  and  72  degrees  North  latitude,  and  between 
10  West  and  63  degrees  East  longitude  ? 


.  MAP  OF  ASIA. 

In  what  direction  from  us  is  Asia  ? 
In  which  hemisphere  is  Asia  ? 
In  what  part  of  the  Eastern  hemisphere  ? 

With irhat  grand  divisions  is  Asia  connected?    e.  a. 
Does  Asia  lie  in  North  or  South  latitude  ?    Why  ? 

What  ocean  on  the  North  of  Asia  ?    a. 

What  ocean  on  the  East  of  it  ?    p. 

What  ocean  on  the  South  of  it  ?    i. 

What  two  grand  divisions  on  the  West  of  it  ?    a.  e. 


What  division  comprises  the  Northern  part  of  Asia  ?    g. 

96.  Siberia  belongs  to  the  Russian  empire,  and  is  some- 
times called  Russia  in  Asia. 

What  two  divisions  South  of  Siberia  ?    i-t.  and  c-e. 

^u  ^I"^,^^^"®'^  ''  '^«  "^^«t  wealthy  and  populous  empire 
i  -..e  g.oue.     It  comprises  uhina  Proper,  Thibet,  Corea,  and 

the  vast  country  caUed  Chinese  Tana. y.  consisting  of  ^u- 

garia,  Mongolia,  Mantchooria,  Bokhara,  ficc. 


80 


EXERCISES  ON  THE 


What  two  divisions  Soutii  of  the  Chinese  empire  ? 
and  H. 

What  two  divisions  West  of  Hindostan  ?    B.  A. 
What  division  West  of  Afghanistan  ?    P.  < 
What  two  divisions  North  of  Persia  ?    i-t.  and  c. 


F-L 


Ispahan,  the  ancient  capital  of  Persia. 

What  division  West  of  Persia  ?    T. 
What  division  South  of  Turkey  ?    A. 
What  small,  populous  empire,  comprising  Niphon  and 
the  adjacent  islands,  East  of  the  sea  of  Japan  ? 


Which  division  of  Asia  extends  farthest  l>forth  ?    s. 
Which  division  extends  farthest  East?    s. 
Which  (Hvision  extends  farthest  South  ?    F-i. 
Which  division  extends  farthest  West  ?    T. 


What  division  extends  from  the  Arctic  ocean  to  the  Far 
aile?    6. 


8?       F-L 


MAP  OF  ASIA. 


81 


c. 


phon  and 


?    s. 


to  the  F^ 


Which  division  of  Asia  is  longest  from  East  to  West  ? 

mat  divisions  and  bodies  of  water  boitJer  on  Turkey  ? 
OnA^bia?  OnPema?  On  Belooehisten?  On  Hin- 
dostan?    On  Farther  India?    On  China f    On  Corea ? 

What  is  the  most  Northern  cape  of  Asia  ?    n-e. 
Which  IS  the  most  Eastern  cape  ?    e. 
What  cape  South  of  Kamtchatka  ?    l 

What  cape  South  of  Farther  India?    Cape  B^mania. 
What  cape  South  of  Hindostan  ?    c. 
Which  is  the  most  Southern  cape  of  Asia?     Cane  Ro- 
mania, the  Southern  extremity  of  Farther  India  ? 

What  strait  separates  Asia  from  America?    b. 
What  does  Behring^s  strait  connect  ?    a.  p. 

What  strait  is  the  entrance  to  the  Red  sea  9    b    ' 
What  does  the  strait  of  Babehnandel  separate  ? 

What  sea  between  Asia  and  America  ? 

What  sea  North  of  the  Red  sea  ?    m. 
What  sea  West  of  Turkey  ?    a 

^Wha^^  ^  ^""^■^^  '^  tj"'  i^hipelago  ?    Sea  of 

What  sea  North  of  Turkey  ?    b. 

What  sea  North-east  of  the  Blar>lr  «.*  9     s^«  ^  a  __«. 


What 
What 


sea 
sea 


between  Caucasus 
Independent 


and  Independent  Tartary  ? 
Tartary?    a. 


i    , 


83 


What  sea 
What  sea 
What  sea 
What  sea 

What  sea 
What  sea 
What  sea 


EXERCISES  ON  THE 

East  of  Kamtchatka  ?    k. 
West  of  Kamtchatka  V    o. 
between  Corea  and  Niphon  ?    J. 
between  China  and  Corea  ?    y. 
East  of  Farther  India  ?    c. 
or  bay  East  of  Hindostan  ?    B. 
West  of  Hindostan  ?    A.    4 


What  gulf  between  Arabia  and  Persia  ?    p. 

What  gulf  between  Arabia  and  Beloochistan  ?    o.  ^ 

98.  The  gulf  of  Ormus  is  sometimes  called  the  gulf  of 

Oman.     The  Persian  gulf  and  gulf  of  Ormus  are  connected 

by  the  strait  of  Ormus. 
What  gulf  in  Farther  India  ? 
What  gulf  in  the  Northern  part  of  Australia  ?    C 
What  lake  in  the  Southern  part  of  Siberia  ?    b. 

What  mountains  between  Chinese  empire  and  Siberia  ?  A. 

What  mountains  between  Chinese  empire  and  Hindos- 
tan, the  highest  mountains  on  the  globe  ?    h. 

What  mountains  between  Europe  and  Asia  ?    u. 

99.  A  chain  of  mountains,  named  Taurus  in  Turkey,  El- 
burz  in  Persia,  Hindoo  Koosh  in  Afghanistan,  and  Himalaya 
between  Hindostan  and  the  Chinese  empire,  extends  from  the 
Mediterranean  nearly  to  the  Pacific. 

What  peninsula  between  the  sea  of  Kamtelmtka  and  sea 

of  Okhotsk  ?    K. 

What  peninsula  between  the  Japan  sea  and  Yellow  sea  ?  c. 

iirk«*  «or»;nfliiln  nnmni-ises  the  Southern  part  of  Farthe>' 
India?    Malay,  or  the  penmsula  of  Malacca. 


I  i 


MAP  OP  ASIA. 


89 


^  What  two  rivers  unite  and  flow  into  the  Persian  gulf? 

What  river  rises  in  the  Chinese  empire  and  runs  South- 
west  into  the  sea  of  Arabia?    The  Indus  river. 

In  what  country  is  the  Nerbuddah  and  where  does  it 
empty?  Ganges?  Canton  river?  KiangKu?  Amour?* 
Lena?    Yenisei?    Obi? 


The  four  Castes. 

What  island  South  of  Hindostan  ?    c. 
What  island  South  of  Farther  Ma,  or  Malay  ?    ». 
What  island  South-east  of  Sumatra  ?    j. 
^^What^island,  the  lai^est  on  the  gl...     So-.tl-^  of 

What  islanr]  S^nfK  «P   a j.__i!_  >i 


•  The  Amo^vr  river  runs  into  the  channel  of  Tartary. 


*H" 


EXERCISES  ON  THE 


P. 


What  island  North  of  Australia  ?    n-o. 
What  large  island  East  of  Sumatra?    b. 
What  island  East  of  Borneo  ?    c. 
What  group  of  islands  East  of  Farther  India  ? 
What  islands  East  of  Corea  ?    Japan  islands. 
What  island  Korth-west  of  Siberia  ?    N-z. 
What  large  island  near  the  coast  of  Africa? 
What  two  islands  East  of  Madagascar  ?    M.  b. 


Howmany  oceans  border  on  Asia?    A.  P.  i. 

What  seas  East  of  Asia?    k.  o.  j.  y.  c. 

What  seas  West  of  Asia  ?    R.  m.  a.  Marmora,  b.  and  c. 

100,  Caucasus  lies  partly  in  Europe  and  partly  in  Asia. 
The  Caucasian  mountains  form  the  boundary  between  Europe 
and  Asia.     See  map  of  Europe  and  map  of  the  world. 

What  is  the  capital  of  Turkey  ?    c. 

101,  The  Turkish  or  Ottoman  empire  comprises  two  great 
divisions,  Turkey  in  Europe  and  Turkey  in  Asia.  Constanti- 
nople, the  capital  of  the  empire,  is  situated  on  the  strait  of 
Constantinople,  in  Turkey  in  Europe. 

What  is  the  carital  of  AwOwa ?  m.  Persia?  T.  Af- 
ghanistan? c.  Beloochistan  ?  k.  Hindostan?  c.  Chi- 
nese empire  ?  P.  Independent  Tartary  ?  b.  Siberia  ? 
T.    Empire  of  Japan?    J.    Farther  India ? 

102.  Farther  India  is  divided  into  Birmah,  Anani,  Siam 
and  Malaya.  See  map  of  the  world.  Ava  is  the  capital  of 
Birmah,  Hufe  of  Anam,  Bankok  of  Siam.  Malaya  is  inhab- 
ited by  small,  independent  tribes,  who  are  mostly  pirates  and 
robbers.      Malacca,   in  the  southern  part,  on  the  strait  of 

Malacca,  is  lue  pnncipiu  puw;c.     it  u^iv^s^  ----  — 

In  ancient  times,  all  the  cour^ry  East  of  the  river  Indus  was 


.itSSSSSKir^^ 


a?    P. 

s. 


,  B. 


[. 


>ra,  B.  and  c. 

>artly  in  Asia, 
itweea  Europe 
e  world. 


rises  two  great 
la.  Constanti- 
>n  the  strait  of 

rsia?    T.    Af- 

an  ?     c.    Chi- 

B.     Siberia  ? 

I,  Anam,  Siam 
s  the  capital  of 
alaya  is  inhab- 
stly  pirates  and 
in  the  strait  of 
*i\  tlsA  Hritish.it 
river  Indus  was 


MAP   OF  ASIA. 


85 


called  IvmA      The  tern  is  now  applied  to  the  two  great  pen- 
insulas, Hmdostanon  the  We^stand  Farther  India  on  the  East. 

mat  three  islands  does  the  equator  cross  ?    s.  b.  c 
What  countries  does  the  Tropic  of  Cancer  cross  ?    a.  n. 

F.  I.  C. 

What  country  does  the  Arctic  circle  cross  ? 
In  what  zone  is  tiiat  part  of  Asia  which  Ues  North  of  the 
Arctic  circle  ? 

^  In  what  zone  is  that  part  which  lies  between  the  Arctic 
circle  and  the  Tropic  of  Cancer  ? 

In  what  zone  is  that  part  which  lies  South  of  the  Tropic 
of  Cancer?  ^ 

In  what  zones  then,  does  Asia  lie  ? 

In  what  zrne  is  Borneo?    New  Guinea?     Australia? 
Van  Diemen's  Land?    Madagascar? 


How  IS  Arabia  divided?     Inw  A^^^m  Petr®,  or  the 
Stony,  m  the  North-west;   Arabia  Dc3vrrt,or  the  fcogert 
in  ihe  middle ;  and  Arabi^  FeUx,  or  the  Happy,  in  the 
oouthem  part.. 

What  isthmus  connects  Asia  and  Africa  ?    In  wh  tc^nn- 
try  is  it  ? 

What  does  the  isthmus  of  Suez  separate  ?    r.  m. 

What  is  the  face  of  the  country  in  Asia  ? 

103.  In  China,  Hindostan,  Independent  Tartary,  and  Si- 
beria,  it  is  generally  level.     The  central  parts  consist  of  a 
high  table-land,  bordered  and  traversed  by  lofty  mountains 
and  contain  vast  deserts  and  plains.     In  these  elevated  re- 
gions, the  great  rivers  of  Asiji  principally  have  their  source. 

What  name  is  applied  to  the  Soujh  part  of  Asia  and  the 
islands  between  Asia  and  Australia  ?    East  Indies 

8 


nWM 


I      > 


86 


EXERCISES   ON   THB 


What  river  and  mountains  separate  Asia  from  Europe  ?  c 

What  is  the  extent  of  Asia  in  square  miles  ? 

What  is  the  probable  population  of  Asia? 

Between  what  degrees  of  latitude  and  longitude  does 

Asia  lie  ? 
Between  2  and  78  degrees  North  latitude,  and  between 

26  and  190  East  longitude. 


MAP  OF  PALESTINE. 
In  what  direction  from  us  is  Palestine  ? 
In  what  division  of  Asia  is  it  now  embraced? 
What  was  the  length  and  breadth  of  Palestine  ?    It  was 
about  180  miles  long  and  80  miles  broad. 

What  country  was  North  and  East  of  it  ?    Syria. 
What  country  South  of  it  ? 
What  sea  West  of  it  ? 

How  was  it  divided  at  the  commencement  of  the  Chri*- 
tianera?    Into  four  parts  or  divisions. 

In  what  part  of  Palestine  was  Judea  ?    Samaria  ?    Gali- 
lee ?    Beyond  Jordan  ? 

What  noted  river  runs  from  North  to  South  through  Pal- 
estine ? 

What  boundary  does  the  Jordan  form? 

Where  does  the  Jordan  empty  ? 

In  what  part  ot  iraiesune  m  me  oaii  w  ^-;=«^  =v~  » 

Through  what  lake  or  sea  does  the  Jordan  pass  ? 

104.  It  is  called  the  lake  of  Genezereth,  the  sea  of  Galilee, 
«^  iof  Tiberias,  &c. 


I    I 


1,._ 


Europe?  u. 

Qgitude  does 
and  between 


I? 

jtine?    Itwai 


Syria. 


MAP   or  PALESTINE. 


17 


it  of  the  Chrif" 
amaria  ?  Gali- 
ih  through  P&l- 


^^^M    <a^i.tt  7 


Q  pass? 

e  tea  of  Galileei 


On  which  side  of  Jordan  does  most  of  Palestine  lie  ? 
In  what  direction  is  Palestine  longest  ? 
Which  division  is  longest?    Which  is  lai^est ?    j. 
What  people  lived  East  of  the  Dead  sea  ? 
What  was  the  capital  of  Palestine  ?    j. 
In  what  direction  from  Jerusalem  was  Bethlehem  ? 
Can  you  mention  any  events  that  took  place  in  Bethle- 
hem? 

What  ancient  city  of  the  PhiUsdnes  in  the  South-western 
part  of  Judea  ? 

What  events  took  place  in  Gaza  ?    See  Judges  xvi. 
What  city  in  the  North-western  part  of  Judea  ? 

105.  Joppa.  or  Jaffa,  is  one  of  the  oldest  seaports  in  the 
world.     See  Jonah  i.  3;  Acts  x.  5. 

What  city  in  the  Western  part  of  Samaria  ?    o. 

106.  There  were  two  cities,  it  is  supposed,  of  this  name. 
See  Judges  ii.  1 ;  Joshua  xii.  23. 

What  was  the  capital  of  Samaria?    See  1  Kines  xvi 
24 ;  XX.  ®         ' 

What  city  South-east  of  Samaria  ? 

What  events  took  place  at  Shechem,  Sychar,or  Sychem? 
John  IV.,  V. 

What  places  in  Galilee  ? 
What  can  you  say  of  Nazareth  ? 
'What  city  on  the  East  side  of  the  Jordan  ?    b. 
What  event  can  you  mention  there  ?    John  i.  28. 
In  what  division  of  Pale^ne  was  Bethabara  ? 
What  femous  city  of  the  Phoenicians  on  the  coast  North 
of  Pdestine  ?    Ezek.  xxvii. 

Has  the  Dead  Sea  any  outlet?    What  becomes  of  the 
water  that  runs  into  it  ?    Is  the  water  salt  or  fresh  ?    19. 


88 


EXERCISES   ON   THE 


1 07.  The  water  of  lakes  and  seas  that  have  no  outlet,  is 
generally  salt.  This  is  owing,  it  is  supposed,  to  the  'saline 
matter  washed  into  them  from  the  land.  The  heat  of  the  at- 
mosphere evaporates  the  water  and  leaves  the  saline  particles 
behind.  If  the  Dead  sea,  Caspian,  Aral,  and  similar  others, 
had  an  outlet,  tiieir  waters  would  no  doubt  bo  pure  and  sweet. 
Lieut.  Lynch,  sent  by  our  government  to  explore  the  Dead  sea, 
ran  a  line  from  it  to  the  Mediterranean,  and  found  its  surfaco 
1 ,300  feet  below  the  general  sea  level  of  the  earth.  The  surface 
of  the  Caspian  sea  is  375  feet  lower  than  that  of  the  ocean.  The 
quantity  of  water  that  falls  in  rain  in  the  bafcxus  of  the  Dead 
sea,  Caspian  and  Aral,  and  in  that  of  the  Great  Salt  lake  in 
Utah,  must  just  equal  that  carried  off  by  evaporation,  as  the 
level  of  these  seas  is  as  permanent  as  that  of  the  ocean. 


African  Animals. 

MAP   OF   AFRICA 
In  what  direction  from  us  is  Africa  ? 
In  which  hemisphere  is  Africa  V 


«AP  OP  AFUICA. 


89 


no  outlet,  is 
a  the  'saline 
Ht  of  the  al- 
ine particles 
nilar  others, 
e  and  sweet. 
he  Dead  sea, 
d  its  surface 

The  surface 
ocean.  The 
of  the  Dead 

Salt  lake  in 
ation,  as  the 
ocean. 


1? 


In  which  part  of  the  Eastern  hetrn  phcro  ? 
With  what  grand  division  is  Afru     conn 
What  isthmus  connects  Ku    a        .  Asia  ? 
^  T»at  sea  separates  A^Hca  from  i.urope  ^ 
^Do^s  A  nca  lie  in  North  or  South  latitude?    Why  in 


What  sea  lies  jkorth  of  Afnca  ? 

Tl^tse.    indocean1iVEa,tofit?    r  and  i. 
n  hat     ean  lies  West  of  it  '^ 

Which  borders  most  on   Africa,  the  Mediterranean  sea 
the  Indian  ocean,  or  the  Atlantic  ? 

What  div-  -on^   Je  between  tho  Desert  and  the  Mediter- 

What  divHio.  between  the  Desert  and  the  R;d  sea  ?    e. 

What  division  South  of  Egypt  ?    n. 

What  two  divisions  South  of  Nubia  ?    a  d 

What  divisions  border  on  the  Atlantic  between  the  Des- 
ert and  cape  of  Good  Hope  ? 

What  dividoni,  border  on  the  Indian  ocean  between  cape 
of  Good  Hope  and  cape  Guardafni  ?  ^ 

of  ScaTE."  ''""  *°  *""'  "''™'  "'  ^'  ^"*«™  I«« 
What  large  division  South  of  the  Desert  ?    a. 
lOa  Soudan  is  sometimes  called  Nigri.ia,  or  Takrour. 
What  two  divisions  between  Soudan  and  Nubia  ? 
Wha  division  m  the  Northern  part  of  fte  Desert  ?    r. 
What  divisions  border  on  the  Desert  ? 
In  „hat  direction  is  the  Desert  longest  ? 
109.  Sahara,  Zaara^  „  ,he  Great  Desert,  is  about  3,000 


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WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


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90 


EXERCISES  ON   THE 


miles  long  and  1,000  broad,  containing  2,800,000  square  miles. 
It  is  the  largest  desert  on  the  globe.     A  great  part  of  the  sur- 
face is  level  and  composed  of  moving  sand,  which,  when 
blown  by  the  wind,  sometimes  produces  the  most  terrible  ef- 
fects, and  whole  caravans  have  been  found  buried  beneath  it. 
See  the  picture—"  Sand  wind  in  the  Desert."     In  some  parts 
the  Desert  is  covered  with  small,  sharp  stones.     A  few,  fertile 
spots,  called  Oases,  where  springs  burst  forth  and  diffuse  fer- 
tility, are  scattered  over  this  immense  expanse,  like  islands  in 
the  ocean,  and  serve  as  resting-places  for  caravans,  and  af- 
ford support  to  a  number  of  inhabitants.     The  largest  Oasis 
is  Fezzan.     Darzaleh  and  Darfur  are  also  Oases,  fertile  and 
populous.    Also  Wadi  or  Wadai. 

Which  is  the  most  Northern  cape  of  Africa  ?    Cape  Bon, 
North  of  Tunis.* 

Which  is  the  most  Eastern  cape  ?    G. 

Which  is  the  most  Southern  cape  ?    g-h. 

Which  is  the  most  Western  cape?    v. 

Between  wlych  capes  is  Africa  the  longest  ?    B.  and  G-H. 

Between  what  capes  is  Africa  widest  ?    G.  v. 

In  what  direction  from  cape  Bon  is  cape  Guardafiii? 

In  what  direction  from  cape  Guardafui  is  cape  of  Good 

Hope? 
In  what  direction  from  the  cape  of  Good  Hope  is  cape 

Verde  ? 
In  what  direction  from  cape  Verde  is  cape  Bern  ? 

What  strait  at  the  entrance  of  the  Mediterranean  ?    G. 
What  countries  are  separated,  and  what  waters  connect- 
_j  1 *T ^^^^u  «p  n;Kw»ifai»v 

What  strait  at  the  entrance  of  the  Red  sea  ? 


•  See  map  of  Europe. 


MAP   OF   AFRICA. 


01 


[nare  miles. 

of  the  sur- 
bich,  when 

terrible  ef- 
.  beneath  it. 

some  parts 

few,  fertile 
.  diffuse  fer- 
ce  islands  in 
ans,  and  af- 
argest  Oasis 
I,  fertile  and 


Cape  Bon, 


B.  and  o-H. 

» 

,rdafui? 
ape  of  Good 

Elope  is  cape 

Ion? 

nean  ?    o. 
ters  connect" 


.'  What  waters  are  connected,  and  what  countries  separated, 
by  the  straits  of  Babelmandel  ? 

What  channel  between  Africa  and  Madagascar  ? 

What  waters  are  separated,  and  what  countries  connect- 
ed, by  the  isthmus  of  Suez  ? 


Which  is  the  longest,  the  Mediterranean  or  Red  sea  ? 

How  could  these  two  seas  be  united  ? 

Would  a  ship  canal  acrosg  the  isthmus  of  Suez  be  highly 
beneficial  to  the  civilized  world  ? 

J£  there  were  a  ship  canal  across  the  isthmus  of  Darien 
and  the  isthmus  of  Suez,  would  the  distance  to  China  be 
greatly  lessened  and  much  danger  avoided  ?    Why  ? 

At  what  place  does  Africa  approach  nearest  to  Europe  ? 

Which  part  of  Europe  extends  farthest  South  ? 


K. 


What  mountains  in  Morocco  and  Algiers  ?    a. 
What  mountains  separate  Guinea  from  Soudan  ? 
What  mountains  North  of  Ethiopia  ?    M, 
What  mountains  in  the  northern  part  of  Cape  Colony  ? 
Snow  mountains. 


What  desert  in  Nubia  ?    N. 

What  desert  West  of  Egypt  ?    i.. 

What  tribes  are  found  in  the  Great  Desert  ?    t.  t. 

How  is  the  Great  Pesert  crossed  ? 

110,  By  companies  mounted  on  camels,  called  caravans. 
Can  you  describe  the  usual  route  of  caravans  from  Egypt 

to  Kouka,  on  lake  Tchad  ? 

TT  uat  is  the  usuai  rnute  oi  Caravans  from  Tripoli  to  Tim- 
buctoo  ?    From  Timbuctoo  to  Morocco  ? 

111.  The  caravans  convey  from  Northern  Africa,  salt,  cloths, 


*^9~ 


92 


EXERCISES   ON    THE 


and  various  kinds  of  European  goodsj—receiving  in  return, 
gold,  ivory  and  si  ves.  A  caravan  sometimes  consists  of 
2,000  persons. 

What  colony  in  the  southern  part  of  South  Africa  ?    c. 

What  tribes  in  South  Africa  ?    h.  z.  n.  and  b. 

112.  The  Zoulahs,  Namaquas,&c.,are  tribes  of  Hottentots. 
They  are  a  quiet,  ignorant,  inoffensive,  and  filthy  race.  The 
Bushmen  are  often  called  *•  Wild  Hottentots."  They  dweU  in 
the  immense  plains  of  South  Africa,  and  are  lost  in  the  un- 
known regions  of  the  interior.  They  are  entirely  destitute  of 
huts  or  household  furniture.  The  scorching  heaven  is  their 
tent,  and  the  hot  sand  their  bed.  They  are  a  wild,  rude,  cruel 
and  miserable  people.  Their  weapons  consist  of  a  small  bow 
and  poisoned  arrows,  which  they  shoot  with  astonishing  ac- 
curacy to  a  great  distance. 

What  river  rises  in  the  mountains  of  the  Moon,  and  runs 
North,  through  Nubia  and  Eygpt,  into  the  Mediterran- 
ean?    N.  • 

What  great  river  from  Soudan  empties  into  the  guJf  of 
Guinea  ? 

Whatever  in  Sene  Gambia  rifns  into  the  Atlantic  ? 
What  river  separates  Biafra  from  Loango  ?    g. 
What  river  between  Benguela  and  Chimbebas  ?    n. 
What  river  in  South  Africa  runs  West  into  the  Atlan- 
tic?   o. 

What  river  empties  into  Mozambique  channel  ?    z. 

What  river  in  the  Northern  part  of  Zanzibar  ?    h. 

Which  country  is  highest,  or  most  elevated  above  the  levd 
of  the  sea,  Egypt  or  Nubia  ?    Why  ?    3. 

If  you  were  at  Cairo  and  should  sail  to  the  ruins  of 
Thebes,  would  you  sail  tip  or  doum  the  river  Nile  ?  Why  ?  S» 


MAP   OF  APBIOA.      '  i^- 

michcountrrisIughe»t,Aby8smiaor Egypt?   Why?  8. 

Wl«t  cluster  of  islanda^we^rt  of  Morocco?    a. 

What  islands  West  rf  Morocco?    m. 

What  islands  South-west  of  Morocco  ?    c. 

113.  One  of  the  most  noted  of  the  Canary  islands  i<.  T,.„. 
nff.  re.„„kab,e  for  its  summit  called  .he  Cof  Criff 
L  W  ''•     ''  ""  '"""""'  "  ™'-"»'  »"'  has  ceased' 

mat  islands  West  of  Sene  Gambia  ?    c-v 
What  islands  in  the  gulf  of  Guinea  under  the  Equator  ? 
What  islands  West  of  Congo  ?    a.  4<»"rf 

What  island  West  of  Benguela  ?    st-H. 

of  Wat«i<f tg,?;'™"""  *"""  ^'"^  '     A""*"  battle 
ot  Waterloo,  1815,  Bonaparte  surrendered  himself  to  the  En- 

g  .sh,  who  transported  him  to  St.  Helena,  and  there  dlmif^^ 

h.m  a  prisoner  of  war  until  hi,  death,  in  1821.    Iito  Ws 

^^^orz^r^"'''- -------- 

What  large  island  East  Of  Mozambique?    m 
What  cape  North  of  Madagascar?    a 
What  cape  South  of  Madagascar  ?    gt-M. 
What  two  islands  East  of  Madagascar?    m.  b. 

llf-M/«"ti"«.  or  Isle  of  France,  belongs  to  England  and 

Peter  Botte  s  mountain."  Bourbon  belongs  to  France  and 
IS  famous  for  its  volcano,  which  is  continuLy  burlg  Zt 
serves  at  night  as  a  light-house  to  mariners.  ^ 

What  islands  North-west  of  Madagascar?    c. 

What  is  the  capital  of  Egypt?  c.  OfBarea?  j>.  Of 
Tnpoh  ?  T.    Of  Tunis  ?  x.  Algie™  ?  a.    Of  Mo^cco  ?  ^ 


illll 


94 


BXBSCISBS  ON  THE 


Of  Bene  Gambia  ?  st-L.  Of  Siena  Leone  ?  f.  Of  li- 
beria?  m.  Of  Guinea?  a.b.  OfLoango?  L.  Of  Con- 
go? 8t-8.  OfBenguela?  b.  Of  Cape  Colony  ?  c.  Of 
Mozambique?  m.  Of  Zanzibar?  m.  Of  Abysania?  a 
Of  Nubia  ?    n.  d.    Of  Soudan  ?    t.    Of  Fezzan  ?    M. 


Vhat  gulf  East  of  Tunis  ?    Gulf  of  Cabes. 
What  gulf  West  of  Barea  ?    Gulf  of  Sidra. 
What  gulf  at  the  Northern  extremity  of  the  Red  sea? 
Gulf  of  Suez. 

What  gulf  South  of  Guinea?  G. 

What  bay  near  cape  of  Good  Hope  ?    t. 

How  is  Egypt  divided  ?    Into  Upper  and  L«>wer  Egypt 
116.  Upper  Egypt  comprises  the  part  South  of  Cairo,  and 
hovrcT  Egypt  the  part  between  Cairo  and  the  Mediterranean. 
Are  the  pyramids  in  Upper  or  Lower  Egypt  ? 
In  what  direction  from  Egypt  b  Algiers  ? 
In  what  direction  from  Algiers  is  Sene  Gambia  ? 
In  what  direction  from  Sene  Gambia  is  Nubia  ? 
In  what  direction  from  Nubia  is  Congo  ? 
In  what  direction  from  Congo  is  Zanzibar  ? 
In  what  direction  from  Zanzibar  is  Cape  Colony  ? 
In  what  direction  from  Cape  Colony  is  Tripoli  ? 


MThat  divisions  does  the  Equator  cross  ? 

What  divisions  does  the  Tropic  of  Capricorn  cross  ? 

What  divisions  does  the  Tropic  of  Cancer  cross  ? 


In  what  zone  is  that  part  of  Africa  which  lies  North  of 


A-,  T, 


MAP  OF  AFRICA. 


id 


he  Bed  sea? 


lies  North  of 


•In  what  zone  is  that  part  which  Ue,  between  the  Tropio 
of  Cancer  and  Tropic  of  Capricorn  ?  ^ 

of  CaJ^dr;  "  ""'  "^  '""=••  '^^  ^"*  <"  ^  T^» 
In  what  zones  then  does  Africa  lie  ? 
fa  what  zones  does  the  greater  part  of  Africa  Ue  ? 
Which  part  of  Africa  do  you  think  is  wannest  ? 

Suppose  you  were  at  Cape  Town  today  at  twelye  o'clock, 
would  the  sun  be  North  or  South  of  you  ? 

117.  The  Tropics  show  the  sun's  limits  North  and  South  „f 

tor  and  reaches  the  Tropic  of  Cancer  on  the  21st  of  June  ", 
then  returns  gradually  toward,  the  Equator,  which  h  Li„ 
erosses  on  the  2Ist  of  September,  and'reach  ,"'0  tITo" 

toward,  ti.e  Equator.    All  places  North  of  the  Tropic  of  Can- 

South  of  the  Tropic  of  Capricorn,  will  ^  ,he  sun  VoT^ 
welve  o'clock.     From  the  21st  of  March  to-the  21"  t  of1^„ 

tor^:7trctrirs:ut:fr^:-^^^^^^ 
^i"o7t'hTE:rrra;r '-  ^  -  ---" 

fi^  4K  /.  _r  /^  '^^  '^^^  '^  Because  it  never  goes  North  or 
South  farther  than  23i  degrees  f„>m  the  EqX. 

buctoo?    Cairo?    Algiew?    Gondar? 

When  it  is  susmer  in  the  Northern  part  of  Africa,  what 
■eason  is  it  in  the  Southern  part  ?  ' 


00  EXERCISES  ON   THE 

What  prevents  Africa  from  being  a  continent  by  itself  ?, 


What  is  the  extent  of  Africa  in  square  miles  ? 
What  is  the  probable  population  of  Africa  ? 
What  is  the  latitude  and  longitude  of  Africa  ? 
Between  340  South  and  SZ®  Norjh  latitude,  and  between 
180  West  and  5V  East  longitude. 


MAP  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 
How  is  North  America  bounded  ?  * 


*  In  giving  the  boundary  of  a  country,  the  learner  should 
commence  at  the  most  Western  part  and  mention  all  the 
countries,  bodies  of  water,  &c.,  that  border  upon  it  on  the 
North,  then  in  the  same  manner  on  the  East,  then  on  the  South, 
^nd  then  on  the  West.  As  for  example.  North  America  is 
bounded  on  the  North  by  the  Arctic  ocean  and  Baffin's  bay ; 
East  by  Baffin's  bay,  Davis'  strait,  the  Atlantic  ocean,  gulf  of 
Mexico,  Caribbean  sea,  and  South  America;  South  by  the  At- 
lantic, gulf  of  Mexico,  and  the  Pacific ;  and  West  by  the  Pa- 
cific and  Behring's  strait.  British  America  is  bounded  North 
by  the  Arctic  ocean  and  Baffin's  bay ;  East  by  Baffin's  bay, 
Davis'  strait,  and  the  Atlantic  ;  South  by  the  Atlantic,  United 
States,  Pacific,  and  Russian  Possessions;  and  West  by  the 
Pacific  and  Russian  Possessions.  The  capital  is  Quebec, 
situated  on  the  river  St.  Lawrence.  The  United  States  are 
bounded  North  by  British  America;  East  by  British  Ameri- 
ca and  the  Atlantic  ;  South  by  the  Atlantic,  gulf  of  Mexico 
and  Mexico;  and  West  by  Mexico  and  the  Pacific.  The 
— j^.s — .  ,„  »T  ^i^iiiiigiuii,  oiiudievA  wu  fciic  x~uiuixicic  river,  in  tne 
District  of  Columbia,  &c. ,  &c.    It  is  of  the  utmost  importance 


MAP  OF   NORTH  AMEHICA. 


British  America  ? 
United  States  ? 
Mexico  ? 
Guatimala? 


Capital  ?  ♦ 
Capital  ? 
Capital  ? 
Capital  ? 


Chief  Towns  ?f 
Chief  Towns? 
Chief  Towns? 
Chief  Towns? 


P«--:      T>         .      «  -'-F'-'f  i;iuet  Towns? 

RoMian  Possessions  ?  New  Arehangel  is  the  Chief  Town. 


Scene  in  Greenland, 


RIVERS. 

Where  doea  Mackenzie's  river  rise,  in  what  direction 

that  the  scholar  should  th,yroughly  learn  the  boundary  of  a 
country    for  by  no  other  means  can  he  acquire  a  co»ec" 

.Zd  if         '  """^  "'"'""'"  "'*  '-^'^  ^  »'"'  "O-^' 

•  What  is  the  capital  and  how  situated  ? 

t  What  are  the  chief  towns  and  how  situated  ?    See  man 
of  the  United  States  for  the  situation  of  On*»lw.«  iri.„. \ 

T^n..    FredencUton  Is  the  capita,  of  New  Bnln'S  l^d 
Halifax  of  Nova  Scotia 

9      ' 


!{Ji 


\m   It 


iB 


BZEHCISBS  ON   THE 


does  it  run,  and  where  does  it  empty  ?  Coppermine  ?  Sas- 
katchawan  ?  Severn  ?  Moose  V  Rupert  ?  St  Lawrence  ? 
See  map  of  the  United  States.  Ottowa?  Grand?  Thames? 
St  Francis?  SoreUe?  Columbia?  Clark's?  Lewis? 
Mississippi?  Missouri?  Arkansas?  Red?  Ohio?  Rb 
Grande  del  Norte?*    Gila?    Colorado?    Sacramenta? 


LAKES. 

Where  is  Great  Bear  Lake  ? 
Where  is  Slave  Lake  ? 
Where  is  Athabaska  lake  ? 
Where  is  lake  Winnipeg? 
Where  is  Great  Salt  Lake?  ' 

118.  For  the  lakes  between  the  United  States  and  British 
America,  see  map  of  the  United  States. 


GULFS. 


Where  is  the  gulf  of  Mexico  ? 
Where  is  the  gulf  of  California  ? 
Where  is  the  gulf  of  St  Lawrence  ? 


BAYS. 

Where  is  Barn's  bay? 
Where  is  Hudson's  bay  ? 
Where  is  James'  bay  ? 
Where  is  Ungava  bay  ? 
Where  is  the  bay  of  Honduras  ? 
Where  is  the  bay  of  Campeachy  ? 
Where  is  Bristol  bay  ? 


*  l?l/>  i-n     Sr^t 


—   —      -,-\Q*naV» 


Grand  river  of  tlie  North. 


ermine  ?  Sas- 
§t  Lawrence  ? 
id?  Thames? 
t*s?  Lewis? 
Ohio?  Rio 
acramento? 


MAP   OF  KORTH   AMBHICA. 

Where  is  the  bay  of  St.  Francisco  ? 

Wliere  is  Chesterfield  inlet  ? 
Where  is  Cook's  inlet? 
Where  is  Norton's  sound  ? 


i> 


* 


es  and  British 


^^  STRAITS. 

Where  is  Barrow's  strait? 

Where  is  Davis' strait? 

Where  is  Hudson's  strait  ? 

Where  is  Behring's  strait  ? 

Where  is  the  strait  of  Juan  de  Fuca  ? 

Labldo^^'''^'^'^^"^^^^^"  ^^'--  Newfoundland  and 


iv  un   ill  uric* 


Tin.        .  >,  ,  ISLANDS. 

Where  ,s  Melville  island?  Prince  WiUiam's  La,id  9  Q^*i. 
ampton?  Disco?  Iceland?  T<r«Jp^i  fo  ^  ®*^*'»- 
Bahamas?  Cuha?Tv^l  f^^^^f^^d?  Bennudas? 
|^-j«™f  ^uoar  ±layti?  Jamaica?  PortoRico?  n«. 
nbbean  islands  ?  Vancouver's?  Washin^n?  p-  . 
Wales' isle?  vvasmngton  ?    Pnnce  of 


Where 
Where 
Where 
Where 
Where 
Where 


PENINSULAS. 

is  the  peninsula  of  Greenland  ? 
is  the  peninsula  of  Nova  Scotia  ? 
18  the  peninsida  of  Florida  ?  * 
is  the  peninsula  of  Yucatan  ? 
is  the  peninsula  of  California  ? 
is  i}ie  peninsula  of  Alaska  ? 


or^Satrf  "  '"''^''  "■"  ''"  ^"-^"  ^  -P 


100 


BXERCFSE8   ON    THl 


nil     I II 


CAPES. 

Where  is  ca|)e  Farewell  ? 
Where  is  cape  Sable  ? 
Where  is  cape  St  Lucas  ? 
Where  is  cape  Mendocino  ? 


MOUNTAINS. 

Where  are  the  Alleghany  mountains  ?* 
Where  are  the  Rocky  mountains  ? 
Where  are  the  Cordilleras  mountains  ? 
Where  is  noount  Elias  ?    Mount  Fairweather  ? 
Where  is  Long's  peak  ?    James'  peak  ? 
Where  is  the  volcano  of  Popocatapetl  ? 


Volcano  of  Popocatapetl. 


*  The  Alle^hanv  mountains  consist  of  several  rano'es  under 
different  names.  See  map  of  United  States.  These  mount- 
ains are  sometimes  called  the  Appalachian  mountains. 


MAP   OP   NORTH  AMEBICA. 


101 


Where  is  Labrador  ? 
Where  is  East  Main  ? 
Where  is  New  North  Wales  ? 
Where  is  New  South  Wales  ? 
Where  is  Lord  Selkirk's  settlement  ? 

In  what  zones  does  North  America  lie  ? 

in  what  zone  does  the  greater  part  of  it  lie  ? 

» 

Wlu«4  fa  Ae  largest  gulf  in  North  America?    m. 
Wbchi*  the  largest  bay  in  North  America?    h. 
From  whom  does  Hudson's  bay  take  it,  name  ? 

mZIriTZ  f  ^'Z.  •""»«"""«»  E„g,.h  „ava, 

ery.  wi.ha  :J:oit::^iz^^:r'rT''''''''''^- 

«*-i;  ^wcmjr  mree  men,  for  the  purDosn  ^r 

imdmg  a  passage  to  the  Par»ifi,»      tr  ,    .    l^urpose  of 

^«,i,.ji.«.i,^^rrr.,'"Si;Lr" " "'; 

prepared  to  return      w.o  *»'n'ng  t>read  to  his  men,  and 

har.1,  ,^ .....       ?!  vexation  and  despair,  he  used  8om« 

,„..„.„„,,  „„„  ureatened  to  set  some  of  them  ashor^  • 


Il 

'III 

I 


102 


BXBBCISES  ON  TH5 


upon  which,  a  body  of  them  entered  his  cabin,  seized  him, 
and  having  tied  his  arms  behind  him,  they  put  him,  with  his 
son  John  Hudson,  and  seven  of  the  most  sickly  of  the  crew, 
into  a  boat,  and  set  them  adrift.  They  were  never  more  heard 
of.  After  enduring  incredible  hardships,  a  small  part  of  tlio 
crew  arrived  the  next  year  in  England. 


Deep  ciUqf  the  Chesapeake  and  Delaware  canal, 

MAP  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

How  are  the  United  States  bounded  ?    What  is  the  capi- 
tal? 

EASTER17  OR  NEW  ENGLAND  STATES. 

1.  Maine  ?  Capital  ?    ♦Portland,  Bangor,  Bath. 

.    •  Two  of  the  principal  towns  besides  the  capital  are  given 
in  this  column.     In  some  cases,  for  want  of  snace.  thev  are 

«  -  tf  -  - 

not  found  on  the  map.     If  on  the  map,  the  learner  will  tell 
their  situation. 


6-  Connecticut  ?         r«„jf.,  L  f,        '  ^"^tucket 

C.p^  New  London,  Middleto^. 

1.  New  York? 

2.  Kew  Jersey  ? 

3.  Pennsylvania  ? 
-*•  Delaware  ? 


MIDDLE  STATES 


1.  Maryland  ? 

2.Vi,^nia? 

«•  North  Carolina 

4.  South  Carolina 

5.  Geoipa? 

6.  Florida  ? 
^'  Alabama  ? 
8.  Mississippi  ? 
^«  Louisiana  ? 


10.  Texas? 


SOUTHERN 

Capital  ? 

Capital? 
'   Capital? 

Capital? 

Capital  ? 

Capital  ? 

Capital  ? 

Capital  ? 
Capital  ? 
Capital  ? 


STATES. 

Batenore  Fredericktown. 
Norfolk,  Portsmouth. 
Wilmington,  Newborn. 
Charleston,  Hambuw. 
Savannah,  Augusta. 

St  Augustine,  Pensacola. 
Mobile,  Macon. 

Natehe2,  Vicksbu,^.    r«i 

New  Orleans,  Natchitoeh- 
(lalvcston,  Houston. 


legislature  meets.  The  leRislata  JlTnL  T"  '"  "''•'<''»  ">• 
four  different  places,  and  We  rw  ^''°''''/""»1  •»*«.,  « 
ing.  has  four  Capitols,  viz    P^'i^  '"""^'  ""'"'r  »Peak- 

wich.  and  Som  J^  ^';"^»-.  N-Port,  East  Green- 

capital.    The  tegislaX^of  ^°         "'  "  "'""'^  •""'«•  *» 
Hartt^M  and  «l  HaZl^rr:.'!'^"'-"  "— .,  .. 

»p.-«.  The  other .....  h^;;^;;;;^;;-^:^:'"  '*" 


104 


EXERCISES  ON   THE 


1.  Tennessee  ? 

3.  Kentucky  ? 
8.  Arkansas  ? 

4.  Missonri  ? 

5.  Blincns  ? 

6.  Indiana  ? 
T.Ohio? 

8.  Michigan  ? 

9.  Wisconsin  ? 

10.  Iowa? 

11.  California? 


WESTERN 

Capital  ? 
Capita]  ? 
Capital  ? 
Capital? 
Capital  ? 
Capital  ? 
Capital  ? 
Capital? 
Capitol? 
Capital? 
Capital  ? 


STATES. 

Memphis,  KnozTiUe. 
Louisville,  Lexington. 
Helena,  Arkansas. 
St  Louis,  St  Charles. 
Chicago,  Alton. 
Madison,  Vincennes. 
Cincinnati,  Cleveland. 
Detroit,  Ann  Arbor. 
Milwaukie,  Green  Bay. 
Burlington,  Dubuque,  [to. 
San  Francisco,  Sacramen- 


TERRITORIES. 

Minesota?    Indian?    Nebraska?    Oregon? 


Steamboats  and  FlaJthoats  on  a  Western  River, 


n 


Tille. 
agton. 
as. 
harles. 

ones, 
reland. 
krbor. 
len  Bay. 
buque.  [to. 
Sacramen- 


on? 


liver. 


tf^f  W      HB  tjyiTBD  STiTKS.  JQa 

»>ec?     Androscoggin?     CoZl    . f  ^^*^*** ^    ^^^'^^ 

Hudson?     Mol^^kV   oSe^rr L,  ""^^^^^ 

hanna?      Potomac?      ^^^°^«-      Belaware?     Susque- 

Chowan?    Co  J?   S^^T'   /°1'     •'^-^ 
dee?     Santee?     SavannlhT    Au'^.^?'*^    ^^^*  ^«- 
Mar/s?    St  John's  rTppJaclfnTT^^     ®^*^"^^    «^ 
bama?  Tombigby?  Peari  ?  m*   •        -^''"'^*^^^       Ala- 
Tennessee?    ^iJZa       0^7^  "LTI  ^^'^^ 

Wisconsin?     ChippewS    st^^^  ^^^ 

Moines?  Missouri f^Lx,  ^'If  ^^  ^«^^«?  !>«. 
Kansas?  Osage ?  St i>!n  •  .^7'^"^ ^  Nebraska? 
bine?  tenity?  BrtiTT,  :^^^^^  ^^^  ^ 
Oi.nddelKo^?™l,.f^^^^^  ^T"^  ^'^ 
Clarke's?  ^oiumbm?     Willamette?     Lewis? 


Where  is 
Where  is 
Where  is 
Where  is 
Where  is 
Where  is 
Where  is 
Where  is 
Where  is 


LAKES. 

I^e  of  the  Woods  ? 
lake  Superior  ? 
Jake  Huron  ? 

lake  Michigan  ? 
lake  St.  Clair  ? 
lake  Erie  ? 
lake  Ontario  ? 
^e  Champlaic  ? 
Manitou  lake  ? 


runs 


Fundy. 


106 


EXEBCISB8  Olf   THB 


Where  is  lake  Simcoe  ? 
Where  is  lake  Nipissing  ? 
Where  is  Great  Salt  lake? 


SOUNDS.* 

Where  is  Long  Idand  sound  ? 
Where  is  Albemarle  sound  ? 
Where  is  Pamlico  soimd  ? 


BATS.t 

Where  is  Mobile  haj  ? 
Where  is  Chesapeake  bay  ?    70. 
Where  is  Delaware  bay  ?    70. 
Where  is  Georgian  bay  ? 
Where  is  Green  bay  ? 

CAPES. 

Where  is  cape  Ann  ?    Cape  Cod  ?    Cape  Malabar  ? 
Where  is  Montauk  pdnt?     The  East  end  of  Loog 
Island. 
Where  is  Sandy  Hook  ? 
Where  are  cape  May  and  cape  Henlopen  ? 
Where  are  cape  Charles  and  cape  Henry  ? 
Where  are  cape  Hatteras,  cape  Lookout  and  cape  Fear  ? 
Where  is  cape  Sable  ? 
Where  is  cape  Boman  ? 


•Sounds. — Long  Island  sound  is  South  of  Ciuiaecticut. 
Albemarle  and  Pamlico  sounds  in  the  Bastem  part  of  North 
Carolina. 

t  Bats. — ^Mobile  bay,  in  the  Southern  part  of  Alabama. 
Chesiipeake  bay,  in  Virginia  and  Maryland.  Delaware  bay, 
between  Delaware  and  New  Jersey. 


tnoi 
Mej 
of  ] 
Con 


MAP  or  THE  UWITED  STATEJ. 


107 


Uri  ISLANDS.    ' 

,j^  MOUNTAINS. 

^  are  Ae  Ozark  aK>unteiM?^" 
WJ«"  are  ae  Guadalupe  »>onni,i,„? 
^We  are  Uug',,  James'  and  Jfte'.  nekk.  ? 

Wiere  are  Cordillei.,  mMmtatas  ?. 

■     .     A-  _ 

li  ^  any  rtrte  tiiat  ^  no  j^ 
water?  ^^  "*****«■  te  the  ocean  W 

«Uow  ve««l,  of  12S  tons  burthen  To^"        !'  '"«"  '"°"8'' «» 

Wrence,  from  Lake  Ont^  o  2>  M*^       *'°''*''-    ^^  *• 
■ '"""°  •«  Montreal,  is  broken  bf  a 

Mexico,  and  iteB^SZ^*''  ^'--"=«-  «"«  CordiUera.  „^ 
ot  mountains,  e,ten*„?r'"!'.f°™ '"'!"°»«»>'ou.oh.to. 
Continent,  about  14.000  mii^;  """"  '^'^  "*'  «'»  Weww, 


108 


EXBRCISBS   ON   THE 


succession  of  rocks  and  rapids.  These  are  obviated  by  the 
Rideau  Canal,  extending  from  the  Ottowa  river  to  Kingston, 
on  Lake  Ontario,  sufficiently  large  to  admit  sloopis  and  other 
•mall  vessels.  The  Western  Canal  extends  from  Buffalo,  on 
Lake  Erie,  to  Albany,  on  the  Hudson,  or  North  river,  thus 
forming  a  water  communication  between  the  lakes  and  the 
Atlantic. 


Scene  on  the  Erie  Canal, 

How  will  you  travel  from  Harjtford  to  New  Orleans  by 
water  through  the  United  States  ? 

122.  There  are  two  or  three  routes.  One  is,^ — Sail  down  the 
•Connecticut  river  into  Long  Island  sound ;  down  Long  Island 
round,  through  East  river,  into  the  Hudson ;  up  the  Hudson  | 
4c  Albany ;  thence  through  the  Western  oanal  into  lake  Erie ; 
4]p  lake  Erie,  through  Detroit  river,  lake  St.  Clair,  river  Su 
eclair*  lake  Huron,  strait  of  Mackinaw,  into  lake  Michigan;! 


»AP   OF  THE   UmTKD   STATES. 


lew  Orleans  by 


109 

^^ow  wiil  you  «u,  f„,  pi^,„^  ^^  Moa^„e:y  i„  ^ 

Ifow  will  yoa  «ul  f^„  ^^^J^^Nf  Orleans  ? 
of  the  great  lakes?  ^'"^  °'^'«»^  ^  Hartford  by  way 

o''.":a ::  :r :::,r  i  ""^  "^'-  ^^ — 

««n  tavel  With  ,he  grea^sT  ft"  f,/"  ^■""•'oa.s,  a  per«a 
pa-  Of  .he  trni^d  S.a.erL:troo*;  Aur'.*'""*''  *" 
^  mieh  a.  the  six  ^^^^  ^,^  ^  ^  ^^^ 

Cctll:;*'  ''"""""^'•"-  ««•«'--.  Bo,.o„.  New  Or. 

Which  is  the  largest  State?    Iteexfpnf;« 

Which  is  the  su»Uest  state?    ItstiT"""^"' 
Which  IS  the  most  Northern  anH  P.„* 

Which  extends  farthest  sTuth  """"*'*' 

WUch  is  the  most  Western  state  ? 
Which  is  the  Oldest  settled  state  ? 


" — — -fiMoiuie  wa 

The  Illinois  canal  connects  1»I'*»  \/r;,.i  •  "        " 

nois  river.     It  .vt..,i.  rH!!.  .^^^^"  ^^^'"^^'fi^^*^  ^^^^  the  Illi- 
miles  long.    -    -  ™ '^""^  -^'«-Mo  to  La  Salle.     It  is  100 

10 


110 


EXERCISES   ON   THE 


founded  by  the  Spaniards  in  1565.  The  first  English  settle- 
ment in  the  United  States  was  made  at  Jamestown,  in  Vir- 
in  1607.     In  1613,  the  Dutch  made  a  settlement  at 


gmia, 


Albany,  in  New  York,  under  the  name  of  Fort  Orange. 
1620,  the  English  ssttled  Plymouth,  in  Massachusetts. 


In 


MAP 

OF   SOUTH   AMERICA. 

How 

is  South  America  bounded  ? 

New  Grenada  ? 

*   Capital? 

Popayan,  Carthagena. 

Venezuela?* 

Capital? 

La  Guayra,  Maracaybo. 

Equador  ?  * 

Capital? 

Guayaquil,  Cuenca. 

Guiana  ?  f 

Capital  ? 

Paramaribo,  Cayenne. 

Brazil  ? 

Capital  ? 

Pernambuco,  San  Salvador 

Peru? 

Capital? 

Cuzco,  Arequipa. 

BoHvia? 

Capital? 

Potosi,  Cochabamba. 

Paraguay  ? 

Capital  ? 

Conception,  Villa  Rica. 

Buenos  Ayres  ? 

t  Capital? 

Mendoza,  Tucuman. 

Uruguay  ?  § 

Capital  ? 

Maldonado,  Colonia. 

Dhili  ? 

Capital? 

Valparaiso,  Valdivia. 

Patagonia  ? 

Inhabited 

by  roving  Indians. 

HIVERS. 

Where  does  the  Rio  Negro  rise,— in  what  direction  does 
It  run,— where  does  it  empty?    Paraguay?     Pilcomayo? 


•  New  Grenada,  Venezuela,  and  Equador,  were  formerly 
united  under  one  government,  called  Colombia. 

t  Guiana    belongs  to  the    English,   Dutch,  and   French. 
Georgetown  is  the  capital  of  English  Guiana ;  Paramaribo  of| 
Dutch  Guiana ;    and  Cayenne  of  French  Guiana. 

t  Buenos  Ayres,  or  the  United  Provinces,  is  sometimes  called | 
the  Argentine  Republic. 

§  Uruguay  was  formerly  called  the  Banda  Oriental. 


it  English  settle- 
lestown,  in  Vir- 
a  settlement  at 
'ort  Orange.  In 
chusetts. 


« 
MAP   OP   SOUTH  AMERICA.  m 

dalena?    Cauca?        ^  ^aqueta  ?    Orinoco?   Mag. 


CA. 

d? 

>arthagena. 
,  Maracaybo. 
Cuenca. 
,  Cayenne. 
0,  San  Salvador, 
iquipa. 
habamba. 
,  Villa  Rica. 
Fucuman. 
f  Colonia. 
Valdivia. 
idians. 


,t  direction  does 
?     Pilcomayo  ? 

r,  were  formerly , 

>ia. 

h,  and   French.' 

;  raramaribo  of  | 

ana.      ^ 

sometimes  called  I 
Oriental. 


Where  is  lake  Maracaybo  ? 
Where  is  lake  Titicaca  ? 

Where  is  lake  DelosPalos? 
Where  is  lake  Oberava  ? 
Where  is  Salt  Lake  ? 

mereistheguIfofDarien?* 
Where  is  the  gulf  of  Panama? 
Where  IS  the  gulf  of  Guayaqua?    ' 
Where  ,s  the  gulf  of  Chonos? 
Where  is  the  gulf  of  San  i^ntonio  ? 

Tiru         .  BAYS. 

Where  w  the  bay  of  AUSainte? 
Where  is  Blanco  bay? 

Where  is  St.  George's  bay? 

CAPES 

Where  is  cape  GalUnas  ? 
Where  is  cape  St.  Roque  ? 
Where  is  cape  Horn  ? 

Where  is  cape  Blanco? 
Where  is  cape  Frio  ? 
WTiere  is  cape  Corientes  ? 


112 


EXERCISES   ON   THE 


ISLANDS. 

Where  is  the  island  of  Trinidad  ?    Tobago  ?    Grenada  ? 
Where  is  the  island  of  Joannes,  or  Marajo? 
Where  are  the  Falkland  islands  ?     South  Georgia  ? 
Where  is  Terra  del  Fuego  ?     The  island  of  Chiloe  ? 
Where  are  the  islands  of  Juan  Fernandez  ? 
Where  is  the  island  of  St.  Felix  ?     St.  Ambrose  ? 


MOUNTAINS. 

How  far  do  the  Andes  extend  ? 

Where  is  mount  Sorata,  the  highest  peak  of  the  Andes  ? 

WTiere  is  mount  Chimborazo  ? 

Where  is  the  volcano  of  Cotopaxi  ? 

Where  is  the  volcano  of  Finchinca  ? 

Where  are  the  Acaray  mountains  ? 

Where  are  the  Geral  mountains  ? 

Where  are  the  Brazilian  mountains  ? 


What  prevents  South  America  from  being  a  continent  by 
itself? 

Why  do  no  large  rivers  enter  the  Pacific  from  South 
America? 

126.  The  Andes  form  an  unbroken  barrier  along  the  whole 
Western  coast,  varying  from  30  to  100  miles. 

What  plains  in  Brazil  ?    In  Buenos  Ayres  ? 

127.  These  plains,  called  Llanos,  or  Pampas,  are  like  the 
great  natural  meadows  of  our  Western  states,  called  Prairies, 
or  the  Steppes  of  Asia.  They  are  covered  with  grass,  on 
which  vast  herds  of  cattle  roam  and  feed. 


How  will  you  sail  from  Chagres  to  Assumption  ? 
How  will  you  sail  from  Assumption  to  Cuzco  ? 


of  the  Andes  ? 


long  the  whole 


MAP   OP   EUROPE.  jjg 

^t  was  Cuzco  anciently  ?    82 
W  -"  ^o"  «"  f-m  C„.o ,»  CaUao.  the  seaport  of 

Why  should  it  fall  South  there  and  t„  ,k    xt     . 

Are  the  seasons  in  South  A™    •      J   *^  ^'"^''  *^« ? 
^  Which  is  most  indented  bv^r't  *'"'  ""^  "^  °""  ^ 
-^^ca  or  South  Ameril  ?  ^    '    '^''  '"'^  *"""'^'  ^orth 


Portugal  ? 

Spain? 

Italy? 

Greece  ? 
Turkey  ? 
Austria? 

Switzerland 

France  ? 

Belgium  ? 

Holland  ? 

Germany  ? 
Prussia? 
.Denmark  ? 
Norway  ?  f 
Sweden  ?  f 


MAP  OF  EUROPE. 
How  is  Europe  bounded  ? 

Ca2       S^f' ^^'^^^o"-^  Grenada. 

Capital  ?    T  V       x.    ™'''  <^<»"'a°ce. 

Capital?    dScKo     1'"' ""■"'"«'•• 
Canital  ?    ^r      '  ^°'"g»''"'«.  Stettin, 
t-ap  tal  ?    Elsinore,  Altona,  Kiel. 

f!^^fl_^~u;^Carlesc«,na,Upe^ 


•If  these  .owns  ^^^^^^:^^:z:;:;^^~-;::;~ 

iO*       co^^'titution,  ,ts  own  laws  and 


114 


Russia? 
Etigiiuid  Y 

Scotla#id  ? 
Ireland  V 


EXERCISES    OK    THE 

Capital  ?  Moscow,  Warsaw,  Odessa. 

Capital  ?  T/iverpool,  Manchester,  Bristol. 

Capital?  Glasgow,  Pjusley,  Aberdeen. 

Capital ?  Cork,  BelLst,  Limerick. 


RIVERS. 

Where  does  the  river  Tagus  rise,  in  what  direction  does 

it  run,  and  where  does  it  empty?   Garonne?  Loire?  Seme? 

Saone?  Po?  Danube?   Save?  Prutb?  Dnieper?  Don? 

*  Volga?    Ural?    Petchora?   Dwina?    Tomea?    Niemen? 

Vistula?     Oder?    Elbe?     Rhine?    Rhone? 

LAKES. 

Where  are  lakes  Ladoga,  Onega,  and  lUmen  ? 
Where  are  lakes  Constance  and  Geneva  ? 


Where  is  the 
Where  is  the 
Where  is  the 
Where  is  the 
Wheiv  is  the 
Where  is  the 
Where  is  the 
Where  is  the 
Wheife  is  the 
Where  is  tl\e 


SEAS. 

Caspian  sea  ? 
sea  of  Azoff  ? 
Black  sea  ? 
sea  of  Marmora  ? 
Archipelago  ? 
Mediterranean  sea  ? 
Irish  sea  ? 
North  sea  ? 
Baltic  sea  ? 
White  sea? 


GULFS. 

'Tm«oro  Is  ?'  e    ^ii :'  if  Venice? 


national  legislature,  but  both  are  under  the  control  of  the 
same  sovereign. 


leflsa. 

5r,  Bristol. 

terdeen. 

ick. 


•ection  does 
re?  Seine? 
)er?  Don? 
>   Niemen  ? 


iontrol  of  the 


Where  is  the 
Where  is  the 
Where  is  the 
Where  is  the 
Where  is  the 
Where  la  the 
Where  u  the 


MAP  OF  BUBOPIC. 

gulf  of  Toronto? 
gulf  of  Genoa? 
gulf  of  Lyons? 
gulf  of  Bothnia? 
gulf  of  Finland  ? 
gulf  of  Riga? 
bay  of  Biscay  ? 


1ft 


Where 
Where 
Where 
Where 
Where 
Where 


CHANNELS. 

is  the  British  channel  ? 
is  the  Bristol  channel  ? 
is  St.  George's  channel  ? 
is  North  channel  ? 
is  Skager  Rack  ? 
is  the  Cattegat  ? 


STRAITS. 

Where  is  the  strait  of  Dover  ? 
Where  is  the  strait  of  Gibraltar? 
Where  is  the  strait  of  Bonefacio  ? 
Where  is  the  strait  of  Messina  ? 
Where  is  the  strait  of  Otranto  ? 
Where  are  the  Dardannelles  ? 
Where  is  the  strait  of  Constantinople  ? 

^___,  .    ,  ISLANDS. 

Where  is  Iceland  ? 

Where  are  the  Faroe  islands  ? 

Where  are  the  Shetland  and  Orkney  isles  ? 

Where  are  the  Hebrides  or  Western  isles? 

Where  are  Ivica,  Majorca,  and  Minoi-ca  ? 

Where  are  Sardinia  and  Corsica  ? 


I 


116 


EXERCISES   ON   THE 


Where  is  the  island  of  Sicily  1 
Where  is  Malta  ?    Candia  ?    Cyprus  1 


CAPES. 

Where  is  cape  North  1 

Where  is  cape  Naze  1 

Where  is  Land's  End  1     Lizard  Point  1 

Where  is  cape  Clear  1 

Where  is  cape  Ortegal  I 

Where  is  cape  Finisterrel 

Where  is  cape  St.  Vincent  1 

Where  is  cape  Spartivento  1 

Where  is  cape  Matapan  1 


PENINSULAS. 

Where  is  the  peninsula  of  Crimea  1 
Where  is  the  peninsula  of  Morea  1 


Where 
Where 
Which 
Where 
Where 
Where 
Where 
Where 


MOUNTAINS. 

are  the  Dofrafield  mountains  ? 
are  the  Pyrennees  1     The  Alps  1 
is  the  highest  peak  of  the  Alps  1 
are  the  Appenines  1 
are  the  Carpathian  mountains  ? 
are  the  Balkan  mountains  ? 
are  the  Caucasian  mountains  ? 
are  the  Ural  mountains  ? 


VOLCANOES. 

Where  is  mount  Etna? 

xwri : i.  ir :.._i 

T«  UCIo   IS  UlUUUii     T  CSUViUS  : 

Where  is  mount  Hecla  ? 


■iUn. 


MAP   OF   EUROPE. 


117 


Through  what  must  the  waters  of  lake  Onega  pass  to 
H reach  the  ocean?  ^    F««w  w 

Note  Lake  Onega  is  connected  to  lake  Ladoga  by  the  river 
ovir.  And  lake  Ladoga  is  connected  to  the  gulf  of  Finland 
by  the  river  Neva. 

T^ugh  what  must  the  waters  of  the  Don  river  pass  to 
reach  the  ocean  ? 


How  will  you  sail  from  London  to  Trieste  ? 

129.  London  is  situated  on  the  river  Thames,  60  miles  from 
Its  mouth.  ^ 

Through  what  countries  would  you  pass  in  traveKng  in  a 
straight  line  from  Trieste  to  St.  Petersburg  1 

How  wiU  you  saU  from  St  Petersbuig  to  Odessa? 

Through  what  countries  would  you  pass  in  traveUng  in  a 
straight  line  from  Odessa  to  Bordeaux  1 

How  will  you  sail  from  Bordeaux  to  Dresden  1 

How  will  you  sail  from  Dresden  to  London  1 

What  country  in  Europe  has  no  sea-coast  ? 

Which  country  of  Europe,  do  you  think,  is  most  elevated, 
or  highest  above  the  level  of  the  sea  ?    3. 

Which  country  of  Europe,  do  you  think,  is  best  situated 
for  commercial  pursuits  ? 

For  what  is  Europe  remarkable  1 

130.  For  its  bays,  gulfs,  and  inland  seas,  and  for  its  great 
natural  advantages  for  commercial  pursuits. 

Which  is  most  indented  by  gulfs,  bays,  and  seas,  Europe 
or  North  America  ? 


What  can  you  say  of  the  countries  and  nations  of  Europe  1 


118 


ElERCISES   ON   THE 


128.  Russia  is  the  largest  and  Belgium  the  smallest ;  Swit- 
zerland is  the  most  mountainous  and  Holland  the  most  level. 
Great  Britain  is  most  wealthy  and  powerful,  and  Lapland  the 
most  feeble  and  desolate.  Turkey  has  the  most  cruel  and 
despotic  government,  and  England  the  most  enlightened  and 
free.  The  French  are  the  most  refined  and  polite,  the  Span- 
iards the  most  serious  and  sedat(  ,  and  the  Russians  the  most 
rude  and  uncultivated.  Germany  has  the  most  learned  men, 
Italy  the  pleasantest  climate,  and  Holland  is  the  most  thickly 
peopled,  or  has  the  greatest  number  of  inhabitants  in  pro- 
portion to  its  extent  in  square  miles. 


MAP  OF  ASIA. 
How  is  Asia  bounded  ? 


Arabia? 

Capital? 

Medina,  Mocha. 

Turkey  1 

Capital? 

Smyrna,  Bagdad. 

Cauca.sa.s  ? 

Capital? 

Tiflis,  Derbent 

Persia? 

Capital? 

Ispahan,  Shiraz. 

Belcochistan  1 

Capital? 

Kedje,  Bunpoor. 

Afghanistan  ? 

Capital? 

Peshawur,  Candahar. 

Hindostan  1 

Capital? 

Madras,  Bombay. 

Farther  Tndia? 

Capital  ? 

Rangoon,  Pegu. 

Chinese  Empire? 

Capital? 

Nankin,  Canton. 

Siberia  ? 

Capital? 

Irkoutsk,  Okhotsk. 

Independent  Tartary  1 

Capital? 

Samarcand,  Khieva. 

RIVERS. 

Where  does  the  Euphrates  rise,  what  course  does  it  run, 
and  where  does  it  empty ?  Tigris?  Indus?  Nerbuddah? 
Ganges?  Canton?  Kiang  Ku?  Hoang  Ho?  Amour? 
Anadir?  Lena?  Yenisei?  Obi?  Irtish?  Ural?  Jor- 
dan? 


Where  is  the 
Where  is  the 
Where  is  the 
Where  is  the 
Where  is  the 
Where  is  the 
Where  is  the 
Where  is  the 
Where  is  the 
Where  is  the 
Where  is  the 
Where  is  the 
Where  is  the 
Where  is  the 


MAP   OP  ASIA. 

SEAS. 

seaof  Kamtchatka? 
sea  of  Okhotsk? 
sea  of  Japan  1 
Yellow  sea  1 
China  sea  1 

sea  or  bay  of  Bengal? 
sea  of  Arabia? 
Red  sea  ? 

Mediterranean  ? 
sea  of  Marmora? 
Black  sea? 

Caspian  sea  ? 
Aral  sea  ? 

Dead  sea  ?    [See  map  of  Palestine.] 


119 


GULPS 

Where  is  the  Persian  gulf? 
Where  is  the  gulf  of  Ormus.? 
Where  is  the  gulf  of  Siam? 
Where  is  the  gulf  of  Carpentaria .? 

STRAITS. 

Where  is  Bhering's  strait  ? 
Where  is  the  strait  of  Babehnandel  'i 
^  mere  is  the  strait  of  Sunda?    Between  Sumatra  and 

^  Where  is  the  strait  oniacassar?    Between  Borneo  and 


CAPES. 

Where  is  North-east  cape  ? 
Where  is  East  cape  ? 


120 


EXERCISES   ON   THE 


Where  is  cape  Lopatka? 

Where  is  cape  Romania  ?    South  of  Farther  India. 

Where  is  cape  Comorin  1 


ISLANDS. 

Where  is  Ceylon  1    Sumatra  ?    Java  ?    Australia  ?    Van 
,.  Diemen's  Land  ?  New  Guinea  ?  Borneo  1  Celebes  ?  Phil- 
ippine islands  ?    Japan  islands — Niphon  ?     Sikofk,  Kiusof 
and  Jesso  ?    Nova  Zembla  ?     Madagascar  ?    Mauritius  V 
Bourbon? 


DESERTS. 

Where  is  Arabia  Deserta  ? 

Where  is  Salt  desert  ? 

Where  is  the  desert  of  Cobi  or  Shamo? 

Where  is  the  Steppe  of  Issim  ? 


PENINSULAS. 

Where  is  the  peninsula  of  Elamtchatka  ? 

Where  is  the  peninsula  of  Corea  1 

Where  is  the  peninsula  of  Malaya^  or  Malacca  ? 

132  In  the  Southern  part  of  Farther  India.  [See  map  of 
the  world.] 

What  can  you  say  of  the  countries  and  nations  of  Asia  ? 

132.  Siberia  is  the  largest,  China  the  most  populous,  Hin- 
dostan  the  most  fertile,  and  Arabia  the  most  barren.  The 
Chinese  are  the  most  industrious  nation,  the  Hindoos  the  most 
mild,  the  Tartars  the  most  warlike,  the  Arabians  the  most 
barbarous,  and  the  Persians  the  most  learned. 


«AP  OF  AFRICA. 


121 


^AP    OF    AFRICA. 
How  ia  Africa  bounded  ? 

Tripoli?  Wha  js  the  capitall 

Tunis].  What  IS  the  capital) 

Morocco]  ^JaUs  the  capital] 

Wliat  IS  the  capital] 


Where  is  Sene  Gambia? 

Where  is  Sierra  Leone? 
Where  is  Liberia? 
Where  is  Soudan  ? 

Where  is  Nubia? 

Where  is  Abyssinia? 


Its  chief  towns? 
Its  chief  town  ? 
Its  chief  town  ? 
Its  chief  towns? 
Its  chief  towns] 
Ite  chief  town] 


>Vhat  countries  border  on  th^  ^     .  i. 
and  Guinea  V  *^®  ^°^*  ^t^een  Abyssinia 

,j^  STB  A  ITS- 

Where  is  the  Strait  of  Gibraltar? 
Where  is  the  strait  of  Babehnandel  ^ 


122  EXERCISES  ON   THE 

Where  is  the  channel  of  Mozambique? 


GULFS, 

Where  is  the  gulf  of  Guinea? 
Where  is  the  gulf  of  Cabes  ?    East  of  Tripoli. 
Where  is  the  gulf  of  Sidra  ?    West  of  Barca. 
Where  is  Table  bay? 

GAPES. 

Where  is  cape  Bon  ?    North  of  Tunis. 

Where  is  cape  Guardafui? 

Where  is  the  cape  of  Good  Hope  ? 

Where  is  cape  Verde  ? 

Where  is  cape  Palmas? 

Where  is  cape  Ambro  ? 

Where  is  cape  St.  Mary? 

MOUNTAINS. 

Where  are  the  Atlas  mountains  ? 
Where  are  the  mountains  of  the  Moon? 
Where  are  the  Kong  mountains? 
Where  are  the  Snow  mountains  ? 


ISLANDS. 

Where  arc  the  Azores  or  Western  islands? 

Where  are  the  Madeira  isles  ?    Canary  isles  ? 

Where  are  the  Cape  de  Verde  islands  ? 

Where  is  St  Thomas  ?    Ascension  ?     St  Helena  ? 

For  what  is  St  Helena  remarkable  ? 

Where  is  Madagascar  ?    Mauritius  ?    Bourbon  ? 


A 


Si 


MAP  OF   THE   WOBLD.  jgS 

What  can  you  say  of  Africa? 

navigable  water,  jT  ™"<».nded  on  all  sides  by 

more  of  .he  i„.eWor  than  didTl  /„.'.>:: fCa""'  """* 
ago.  It  is  the  leas,  known,  .he  least  ^v^darrh  ^^ 
.mportan.  of  .he  five  g„.nd  divisions  of  L  got         ""  ""* 


MAP  OF  THE  WORLD. 

ish  America  ?  '  ^''^™'  ^P'*"^. «  Brit- 

WUch  k  the  most  Southern  co«ntr,r  of  isia' 
Wheh  »  U.e  most  Southern  countrT  of  E^pe  . 
Whtch  .s  the  most  Southern  country  of  NoXAmeric.  v 

J^oh  extends  farthest  South,  M^aya.  S^l^tZtl 

Au™  r "''  ^'^•^'  «-«■'  South  America.  Afri«.,  o, 
mat  countries  and  islanda  does  the  Equator  c.t«s  J 

What  countries  does  the  tropic  of  Cancer  cross  } 


/ 


124 


EXERCISES   ON    THE 


What  countries  and  islands  does  the  tropic  of  Capricorn 
cross  1 

What  countries  does  the  Arctic  drcle  cross ! 

What  countries  does  the  Antarctic  circle  cross  1 

What  countries  does  the  lO®  North  latitude  cross  1 

135,  A.  Guatimala,  New  Grenada,  Venezuela,  Sierra  Le- 
one, Soudan,  Donga,  Abyssinia,  Ajan,  Hindostan,  Malaya,  and 
Anam. 

What  countries  does  the  20*  North  latitude  cross  1  The 
5001 

What  countries  does  the  40®  North  latitude  cross  1     The 

What  countries  does  the  60*  North  latitude  cross  1  The 
70*1  &c. 


What  countries  South  of  the  90»  North  latitude  ?  Why  ? 
Which  hemisphere  is  North  of  the  South  Pole  1  Why  ao  1 
What  five  seas  does  the  40"  North  latitude  cross  1     M.  A- 

C.  Y.  J.  ^ 

What  sea  in  the  Western  hemisphere  West  of  China  seal 
What  tropic  crosses  nearly  the  centre  of  one  of  the  con- 
tinents? 


Which  appears  to  be  the  most  Northern  island  on  the 
)e?  ' 

13G.  Spitzbergen  is  a  large  island,  about  300  miles  from 
North  to  South  and  200  from  East  to  West.  It  is  cold,  dreary, 
and  unproductive,  but  on  its  coast  are  found  whales,  sea-dogs, 
«ea-cows,  and  sea-iions,  with  other  marine  and  amphibious 


^niiuaiS. 


n^v.^  c»n  Anoa  nnt  RA.t  for  thrAA  months.  June.  Julv 

J,  IX\~-   avttz,    %*'v^^-'--'   f«**'- ■ -  tf 


and  August,  and  for  the  rest  of  the  year  it  is  hardly  seen,  light 
being  chiefly  produced  by  the  Aurora  Borealis,  or  Northern 


MAP  OP  THE   WORLD. 


12& 


Capricorn 

I 

Sierra  Le- 
[alaya,  and 

ossi  The 
ossi  The 
ossi    The 


!?    Why? 
Why  sol 

>SS?      M.  A. 


China  seal 
of  the  oon- 


sind  on  ihs 

miles  from 
old,  dreary, 
is,  sea-dogs, 
amphibious 
.  June.  Julv 

-  -  ^ 

f  seen,  light 
or  Northern 


Lights.  The  island  is  uninhabited.  Eight  English  sailor,  w«~ 
once  accidentally  left  .here  by  a  wbale-fishfng  s";;, "! 
■pent  the  winter  and  were  taken  ho»e  .be  „o«  L^^^!  T  eT 
had  great  trouble  from  the  foxes  on  the  island.  WhereveMhl 
men  went,  a  troop  of  these  were  sure  u>  follow  ,1  em      If 

wouTd  be  sure  :"«  r'.""""  "  "*  '"  "'^  "''■"•«  '•-- 
.rpolefo  i  '°  "f  ■">  V«"''  -«»  'f '"-X  '.ad  to  climb 
tne  pole  for  it.    If  at  any  time  the  sailors  were  tired  and  «. 

down  on  the  snow  or  frozen  ground  ,o  res.,  the  L;.  wo„7d 

gambol  around  them  like  kittens,  come  up  ,o  them  TnA 

^  gnaw  .bcir  sbcs.     Happy  were  they  aVC:  Ct  ^^:: 

roguish,  troublesome  creatures. 

fo  what  direction  from  cape  North  U  Spitzbemen  ? 
What  name  i3  given  to  the  numerous  islands  of  the  Pacif- 
ic lying  South-east  of  Asia  ?    A.  Oceanica. 

IniiJ'?T  '!'""'''  ""  •""''""*  """  *''"''y»"'>  «  «'«  East 

What  islands  East  of  the  Philippine  blands' 
What  islands  South-east  of  the  Ladrones  i 
What  islands  Jforth-east  of  the  CaroHne  isles' 
What  islands  North-east  of  Mulgrave's  isles? 
138  The  Sandwich  islands  were  discovered  in  1778  br 
Capt.  James  Cook,  the  celebrated  English  navigator.  ' 

WMch  is  the  most  important  of  the  Sandwich  isles  ? 

c.n!^"  owrvh   "  T.  '"''.""••  """"'""  '^'"'"»'  «»""»>/ 

100  000  inhabitants.  It  is  remarkable  for  mount  Roa,  16.0M 
feet  high,  and  for  mount  Kirauea.  a  terrific  vnl„,„;  !.  .-„ 
crater  is  estimated  at  «,ven  and  a  half  miles  in  c[;c"umfer';nr 
«.d  one  thousand  feet  deep.     The  intebi.an.s  were  formeriy' 


126 


EXEECISES   ON   THE 


pagans,  but  in  1820,  a  mission  was  established  at  Hawaii  by 
the  American  Board  of  Foreign  Missions,  which  has  been  at- 
tended with  very  great  success.  Many  of  the  inhabitants 
have  been  taught  reading,  writing,  and  arithmetic,  by  the 
missionaries,  and  numbers  have  embraced  the  Christian  reli- 
gion. Churches  have  been  built,  the  press  e3tablished,  and 
the  Scriptures,  newspapers,  school  books,  &c.,  p  inted  in  the 
language  of  the  country.  In  1779,  Capt.  Cook  having  had  a 
boat  stolen  by  one  of  the  natives  of  Hawaii,  went  on  shore 
with  a  few  men  to  seize  the  k' ng  and  retain  him  as  a  hostage 
until  the  boat  was  restored.  The  islanders,  however,  were 
not  disposed  to  submit  to  this  insult.  They  fiercely  attacked 
Cook,  and  before  he  was  able  to  escape  from  the  sh-jxC,  he 
was  killed  and  several  of  his  men.  ^ 

In  what  direction  from  Hawaii  arc  Anson's  isles  1     Gala- 
pagos isles  1     Washington  isles  1 

In  what  direction  from  Washington  isles  are  the  IMirque- 
sas  ieles  1    Friendly  isles  1     Society  Isles  1 


&( 


View  in  Otaheite. 


MAP    OF   THE    WORLD. 


127 


(Jala- 


Jn^what  direction  fn.m  the  Society  isles  i.  New  Zealand? 


What  is  said  of  the  climate  of  Oceanica  i 

pcL'ai  s!,!:f.''"''f  "'    '^"'^^^"^^  ^''^•"^'  --^-«^  -ith  per. 

Trtner^uUs   tr^^^  T^"^  '''^^^^"^  '"^"^'^^  ^^ 
furr^n    V  ati«08phere  is  embalmed  with  a  n^^r 

fume  of  exquisite  sweetness,  and  refreshed  hv  ZT^    ^ 
breezes  from  the  sea.  'eireshed  by  wholesome 

What  is  there  remarkable  about  Oceanica? 

141.  In  the  first  place,  it  seems  to  be  a  new  and  .,«««,•  k    i 
world  of  itQr>ir     XT       I      ,  ^""  unfanished 

th  ck  y  set,  wll  be  unned  and  make  „p  one  cont.nen,. 

formed  atfi'M  ""T'  """"'''  "  ■""  ""  °<^  "'^^  inlands,  were 
formed  at  first  by  the  coral  worm !    Numbers  of  these  islldt 

a.e  forming  now.     They  have  been  visited  and  ob  erved  mot 

coral.  Well,  that  was  the  work  of  the  coral  wonn  Th™, 
creatures  are  of  different  shapes  and  si.es.  but  ^m'only  Uve 
m  salt  water.    If  a  piece  of  th*e  rock  in  ;hichCive  bl 

coT  r'  ziTi^  "^ '"" "'  '^"-^  "^  '-'^"-"^  '-«*-»: 

colors,     borne  of  them  are  as  fine  as  a  thr^^A      o 
more  like  snails,  while  others  are  .^ the  f^rmra-stat^Th";; 
appear  to  hve  at  various  depths  in  the  sea,  but  always  to  fasT 
en  upon  some  rock,  higher  or  lower  down,  on  which  to  build 
The  worms  are  never  seen  when  the  surface  of  the  roctt 
dry ;  but  when  the  tide  comes  in,  and  the  waves  wash  ove 
It.  .hey  put  out  their  bodies  from  holes  which  were  not  2n 
before,  and  the  whole  rock  seems  a1iv„  w.-.i,  ...„_      „  ^" 
i.  .hat  they  are  enabled  to  form  such  amigh;;ma«":rn 
mdes  and  miles  in  extent,  and  to  con«n„e  thel  J^T.L'a  „«a 


us 


EXERCISES   OH    THE 


it  reaches  the  surface  of  the  sea,  no  one  has  yet  been  able  to 
explain.  The  fact  is  all  wo  know.  It  is  probable,  however, 
that  when  the  worms  die,  their  bodies  harden,  and  become  a 
part  of  the  stone  they  were  forming,  so  that  they  add  to  the 
•tructure  in  their  de^th  as  well  as  their  life. 

When  the  worms  have  raised  their  mighty  building  to  the 
surface  of  the  sea»  their  work  is  done,  for  they  can  live  and 
labor  only  in  the  water.  The  rock  lies,  probably  for  some 
time,  a  mere  bank,  or  low  island,  without  a  tree  or  plant  upon 
it.  At  length  weeds  are  washed  upon  it  by  the  waves,  seeds 
of  vegetables  are  driven  by  the  winds  towards  it,  sea-birds 
visit  it,  grass  grows  upon  it,  little  shrubs  and  trees  spring  up, 
then  the  great,  tall  cocoanut  rises  up  and  forms  a  mark  which 
vessels  can  steer  by.  Often  the  labors  of  the  coral  worms 
are  aided  by  the  power  of  the  volcanoes,  which  are  very  nu- 
merous in  the  Pacific.  These  throw  up  the  ground  unequally, 
and  make  mountains  and  valleys  of  that  which  the  worms 
had  left  on  a  line  with  the  surface  of  the  sea. 

Sometimes  these  insects  erect  a  bank  called  "  a  coral  reef,**  * 
like  an  upright  wall,  from  the  bottom  of  the  sea  to  the  sur- 
face, extending  for  a  number  of  miles.  As  it  is  not  seen  at 
high  water,  a  coral  reef  is  one  of  the  most  dangerous  things 
a  ship  can  meet  with.  The  water  being  deep  to  the  very  side 
of  this  wall,  and  without  any  warning,  the  ship  dashes  upon 
it  and  is  broken  in  pieces  by  the  sharp  and  hard  rock,  and 
perhaps  sinks  to  the  bottom  with  all  its  crew,  no  one  living 
to  tell  the  story.  How  wonderful  is  the  work  that  is  going  on 
in  the  vast  Pacific  !  Islands  are  constantly  rising  from  the 
deep,  and  although  now  and  then  a  ship  may  strike  and  be 
lost  on  the  coral  reef,  yet  theret  countries  are  preparing  for 
multitudes  of  men  and  animals  in  the  far  off  future. 

Which  part  of  Oceanica  is  warmest?     32. 


ocean  1    The  whale-fishery. 


PBOMJCTWNS    or   DIPFEREWT   COUNTRIES.  12« 

PRODUCTIONS  OF  DIFFERENT  COUNTRIES 

1«.  The  production*  of  different  countrie.  a™  vcryvariouiL 
Many  article,  of  our  food  are  brouirht  from  fi,  • 
Ouriea  c„„.e«  fr„„,  China,  our  ^J  fZ;r?;;eriT'- 
and  our  spice,  fro.n  the  East  Indie,  &c  Cn  ^""V"''""' 
clesof  our  dres.  co.e  fro,„  di«te:;  tin.fr  al'':;:"- 
/•urnuure,  and  thing,  „-«  daily  use  in  our  hlsine^     No 

or  »-;hin..  which'-nlVjlhr^l^^^^^^^^ 

they  exchange  for  others  that  they  need      Ti         T  ^ 

Note.  Manufactured  iraods  »>  /.l^.i,.  : 
and  cutlery,  are  madTif  Xcklv  ^.hJ^  """•  P""""'"" 

England.  Holland.  Chir^a. S  New  EnX^lf^"'  ^""""' 

eli™atc,.  principally  W  ^ ^  ofT.'X'lt'j^e-^'d- 


EXPORTS  OF  VARIOUS  COUNTRIES. 

ArrcTsL"™!'  "T'  "'^'*'  '■"""'""=«»^.  8-™  Arabic. 
phtclL™'-^*''''^''  cloves,  nutmegs,  ginger.  ca»- 

.richTaTer^^"'*-^^''^^"^™^'  "'<-•  ^™'«'.  -.  os-    , 
ma'^:;-^'"""  ^'^'  "o^"  -°'-' ""-.  >-s.  variou. 


130 


EXPORTS   OP  VARIOUS  COUNTRIES. 


Brazil, — Cotton,  sugar,  coSee,  tobacco,  gold,  diamonds^ 
wheat,  dye-woods. 

Bijr^Nos  Ayres, — Hides,  tallow,  beef,  gold,  silver,  fruits,  &c. 

Canada,  Nova  Scotia,  and  New  Brunswick, — Floui,  furs, 
lumber,  fish. 

Caps  Coi.ony, — Brandy,  wine,  ostrich  feathers,  hides,  tallow. 

Cbili, — Silver,  g(4d,  copper,  wheat,  hemp,  hides,  sugar,  cot- 
ton, fruits. 

China, — Tea,  silks,  nankeens,  porcelain,  articles  of  ivory 
and  peari. 

Denmark, — Grain,  horses,  cattle,  beef,  pork,  butter  and 
cheese. 

EIastern  States, — Lumber,  beef,  pork,  fish,  cottons,  wool- 
ens, &c. 

Eastern,  Western  and  Central  Africa, — Gold,  ivory,  os- 
trich feathers. 

Egypt, — ^Rice,  grain,  linseed,  fruits,  indigo,  cotton,  sugar. 

EquAOOR,-— Coffee,  cotton,  indigo,  fruits. 

Francs, — Silks,  woolens,  linens,  cottons,  wine,  brandy,  por- 
i$clain,  cutlery,  coys. 

Germany, — Linens,  grain,  various  manufactures  of  silver, 
copper,  dec. 

Great  Britain, — ^Woolens,  cottons,  linens,  hardware,  cut- 
lery, porcelain,  &c. 

Greenland, — Whale  oil,  whale  bone,  seal  skins. 

Guatimala, — Logwood,  mah(^any,  indigo,  cocoa. 

Guiana, — Sugar,  coifee,  cotton,  fruits,  &c. 

HiNDosTAN,— Cottons,  silks,  rice,  sugar,  coffee,  opium,  in- 
digo. 

Holland, — Fine  linei^s,  woolens,  butter,  cheese,  various 
manufactures. 

Italy,— -Silks,  wines,  grain,  oil,  fruits. 

Ireland,— Linen,  beef,  butter,  tallow,  hides,  potatoes,  bar- 
ley, &c. 

Japan, — Silk  and  cotton  goods,  Japan  ware,  porcelain. 


EXPORTS   OF   VARIona   COTOTHIES.  WJ 

en,,  &c.     "'"'='•-''''""••  ^teat,  salt,  coals,  cotton,  wool- 
MADKmA  and  the  CA,ARrKS,-Wi„e,  ftuus. 

ma^TaolTer'"'-''"""''^''  "'•"  '"'"°'"-  -~'-».  -iou. 

Nkwfowndland,— Codfish. 
Jew  G».».„.._.i„digo,  sugar,  coffee,  cocoa,  cotton,  fruiu. 

J.a.,-Si,ver,  gold.  Pen,viaa  bark.  ^e^u^..  sugar,  cotton. 

p.a^rnr"""""'''  '""'   ""'"'  «"^"'  "'"'«"'  «"»•  '•'"o^. 

So-^THEEN  SxATES-Cotton.  rice,  tobacco,  com.  lumber 
pitch,  fruits.  '  luraoer, 

^  S,^™  and  PoaTUOAi..-Silts.  wool,  wine,  oil,  f™iu,  .ah, 
frr"  ""'*  N°^.7*''>-I"''.  ^el.  «opper,  timber,  fish. 

.iiSrr  •~^^"'^''  ^^"^"^-  •-- "»- — »' 
hiiir&r"'"^"*^"'  ''"^'■'  ^"^""^  <"«°»'  ^''o".  fruity 

West  IN»,ES.-Sugar,  rum,  molasses,  coffee,  spice,  cotton, 
mdigo,  fruits.  * 

Western  STATES,-Corn.  wheat,  lead.  coal.  iron.  salt.  Ii„e. 
beef,  pork.  ' 


Are  any  articles  produced  or  made  in  this  town,  that  •» 
sent  awayfor  sale?    What  are  these  articles  called  ?    Export* 
Do  we  make  use  of  any  articles  that  are  brought  from  foreiim 
countries?    What  are  these  articles  called ?    Imports.    Prom 


132  GOVEKKMENT,  RELIGION,  AND  STATE  OF  SOCIETY. 

What  country  is  tea  imported  ?  From  what  countries  is  coflfee 
importeti  ?  What  are  the  exports,  of  Arabia  ?  Belgium  ? 
Peru  ?  &c.  Which  country  do  you  tliink  has  the  raosl  valu- 
able exports  ?  Which  of  the  articles  exported  from  Arabia, 
do  you  think  is  most  useful  to  us?  Why?  From  the  Bar- 
bary  States?  Belgium?  Cape  Colony?  Eqnador?  France? 
From  what  countries  are  manufactured  goods  exported  ?  See 
N01E,  What  are  manufactured  goods  ?  From  what  countries 
are  raw  materials  exported  ?  What  are  raw  materials  ?  Frc.n 
what  countries  are  the  best  furs  exported  ?  What  are  furs, 
and  of  what  use  are  they  ?  What  is  ivory,  and  of  what  uso 
M  it  ?    What  are  ostrich  feathers,  and  who  make  use  of  them  ? 


GOVERNMENT,  RELIGION,  ^ND  STATE  OF  SOCIETY. 

The  following  questions  are  to  be  answered  by  means  of  the 
SYMBOLS  on  the  several  maps,  the  explanation  of  which  is 
given  on  the  map  of  the  world.  ,  ^ 


An  absolute  monarchy  is  a  government  in  which  the  mon- 
acrch  has  absoiute  power;  his  will  is  the  law,  as  in  Russia. 
Turkey. 


A  limited  monarchy  is  a  government  in  which  the  power 
of  the  monarch  is  limited  by  written  lafrg,  as  in  Great  Britain. 

A  viceroy  is  a  governor  of  a  country  appointed  by  a  mon- 
arch, as  his  substitute,  as  in  British  America. 


A  republic  is  a  free  government,  in  which  the  sovereign  or 


's=g;=...-v  i^j-rrcr  is  iii  luB  iiaiius  ui  representatives  chosen  bj  the 
people,  as  in  the  United  Status, 


GOVERNMENT,  RELIGION  AND  STATE  OP  SOCIETY.  183 

.utT"?  T"^^  ""'  barbarous  nations,  the  government  is  usu- 
aUy  that  of  patriarchs,  or  chiefs,  who  are  elected  to  office  for 
their  bravery,  wisdom  and  experience.  They  are  generally 
caused  independent  chiefs,  as  among  the  North  American  In- 

The  word  monarch,  or  sovereign,  is  applied  to  the  chief 
ruler,— as  king,  emperor,  sultan,  &c.,  &c. 

In  the  following  table  the  questions  will  be,  1.  What  is  the 
form  of  government?  2.  What  is  the  prevailing  religion? 
o.  What  IS  the  state  of  society  ? 


NORTH  AMERICA. 


British  America 
United  States    - 
Mexico  -    -    - 
Guatimala    -    - 


1 

p 

? 
? 

> 


2 

? 

? 

« 

9 


Chili   -    - 
Patagonia 


1 
? 


2  3 
?  ? 
?    ? 


SOUTH  AMERICA. 

New  Grenada  -  -  ?  ? 
Venezuela  -  -  -  >  ? 
Equador  --..?? 
Guiana  ....  }  } 
Brazil ?    i 


Peru     .    -    - 
Bolivia  .    . 
Paraguay 
Buenos  Ayres 
Uruguay 


? 


? 

? 
} 

? 
? 


?    ? 
?    ? 


EUROPE. 

Portugal      -    -    - 
Spain    -    -    -    - 
France     -    -    -    . 
Italy      -    .    -    .    . 

Greece     .... 
Turkey      .    .    .    . 
Austria    .... 

Switzerland  -    -    - 
Prussia    .... 
Russia  -    .    .    .    . 

Sweden  -    -    .    . 

Norway     -    -    .    . 

Denmark  -  -    .    - 

Great  Britain      -    - 


> 

-? 
9 

? 

? 


? 

9 
9 
> 


} 
? 

? 
> 


? 
? 


?     ? 
?     ? 


? 
? 
? 
? 
?     ? 


The  teacher  can  extend  this  lesson,  if  he  think 
--.V  mai.=  ui  ^laia  ana  Africa.     The  lean 
that  the  questions  respecting  the  form  of 


_  _ proDer.  tn 

la  Airica.     1  he  learner  will  bear  in  mind. 


13 


government,  prevail* 


184 


PRONOUNCING   DICTIONARY. 


ing  religion,  <kc.  in  British  America,  have  reference  only  to 
the  parts  occupied  by  Europeans.  The  answer  to  the  ques- 
tions,~What  is  the  form  of  government,~the  prevailing  re- 
ligion.  and  state  of  society,  among  the  Indian  tribes  in  the 
northern  and  western  parts  of  North  America,  is,  1.  Indepen- 
dent chiefs,-2.  Pagan,-3.  Barbarous. 


PRONiJNCIATrON  OF  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


WRITTICU. 


Aar, 

Abjspinia, 

Acupuico, 

Afghanistan, 

Aix  Ip.  Cflapelle, 

Ajaccio, 

Amiens, 

Anglesey, 

Aiinapolia, 

Antibes, 

Antigua, 

Aquila, 

Archipelago, 

Arkansas, 

Arlois, 

Asia, 

Avignon, 


Balize, 

Baltimore, 

Basle, 

Basse  ""erre, 

Baton  iw  )gue, 

Belleisie, 

Beioochistan, 

Benareu, 

Bengal, 

Bermudas, 

Bienheim, 


PRONOUNCKD. 

A. 

Ar. 

AN»-Bin'-e-a. 

Ac-a-pool  CO. 

Af-gan-is'-tan. 

Az  la  eha-pel.^ 

A-yat'-cho. 

A-me-ang'. 

An'-gle-sea 

An-nap'-o  lis. 

Ang'-teb. 

An-te'-ga. 

Ak  we  -la. 

Arke-pel -ago. 

Ar'-kan-saw. 

Ar'-twa. 

A'-she-a. 

Av'-in-yon. 

B. 

Ba-leez'. 
Bo'l  ti  more. 
Bas'-il. 
Bas-toir'. 
Bat-on  roo'-zb, 
Bellile'. 
Bel-loo  kis'tan. 
Be-na'-rees. 
Ben-gaul '. 
Ber-mu'-dez. 
Ble  n-beem. 


WRITTBIf. 

Bolivia, 

Bologna, 

Bonefacio, 

Borgne, 

Boulogne, 

Bordeaux, 

Brazil. 

Bretagne, 

Buenos  Ayres, 

Bushire, 


Cahokia, 

Cairo, 

Calais, 

Castine, 

Cayenne, 

Cenis, 

Cevennes, 

Ceylon. 

Cbagres, 

Cfaainplain, 

Chapala, 

Chattahooche, 

Cliicago, 

Chihuahua, 

Chili, 

Chumleigh, 

Chuquisaca, 

Coimbra, 

Cologne, 


PROKOUNCRD, 

Bo-le  '-ve-a. 

Bo-lo'ne-ya. 

Bon-e-fa -sho. 

Born. 

Bo  long'. 

Bordo'. 

Bra-zee 'I. 

Bretan'. 

Bo-nos-a'-rees, 

Boo  sheer'. 

C. 

Caho'-ke-a. 

Ki'-ro. 

KaHs 

Kas-ieen'. 

Ki-en'. 

Se-ne'. 

Sa-ven', 

See '-Ion. 

Sha'g-rees. 

Sham-plane'. 

Sha-pa'-la. 

Chat-a-hoo'che. 
She-kau  go. 

Sha-wa'w-wau. 
Che'-Je. 
Chum'-le. 
Chu-ke  sa'ka/i. 

Ko-lone'. 


only  to 
le  ques- 
ting re- 
in the 
idepeh- 


NCKD. 

a. 
iho. 


rees. 


I. 


Che. 
vau. 


an. 

a,. 


Comineg. 
^nnecticui, 
Coquirnbo, 
Crecy, 

Cuyahoga, 

DaJmatja, 

Darien, 

IJes  Moines, 

Iteuxponta, 

Dnieper, 

Dniester, 

Douro, 

Drontheim, 

Dulwich, 

Dyle. 


PRONOUNCING   DICTIONARY. 


Edinburgh, 

£^ina, 

Elbe, 

England, 
Enghien, 
Erie, 

Eraeruna, 

Esquimaux, 

Europe, 

Eyiau, 

Fahlun, 

Finisterre, 

Eontainbleau, 

GaHipolig, 

Ganges, 

Garonne, 

Georgia, 

Ghent, 

Gibraltar, 

Gloucester, 

Green".vich, 


PaonCDNCBD. 

Ko-mee'n. 

Kon-net'-i-cut. 
Ko  bee  m-bo. 
Kres'^. 
Ki  ho'-ga. 

D. 

Dal-ma' 8he-a. 
Da-re-en'. 

Da-ma' w-en. 

Du-pont8'. 

Ne'.per. 

Kees'-ter. 

Doo'-ro, 

Dro'n-tim. 

Dul-ij. 

Del. 

E. 

Ed-in-bu'r-ro, 

Eg'-e-nah. 

Elb. 

Ing'-land 

■An'-gean. 

E'-re. 

Er  '-ze  room. 

Es-ke-mo, 

U'.rop. 

I'-Jaw. 


135 


P. 

Ea'-Iun. 
Fin-is-tar<  . 
Fon-tenbJo'. 

Gal-Ii-po'-Jig. 

Gan'-jeei. 

Ga-rone'. 

Jo'r-ge-a. 

Gent. 

Gib-rau'ltar. 
GJo's  ter. 
■^'c  -itij. 


WRITTBH. 

Guadalquiver, 

Guardaful, 

Guaynq\j|||, 

Guiana, 

Guinea, 


Hague, 

Harwich, 

Havre, 

Hawaii, 

Houston, 

Hyderabad, 


Illinois, 
India, 
Indiana, 
Indies, 
Iowa, 
Ipswich, 
t 

Kamtchatka, 

Kenawha, 

Knisteneauz, 


Leipsic, 
I  Liege, 

Unie, 

I  Lima, 
I  Limoges, 
L'Orient, 
Louisiania, 
I  Louisville, 

Madeira, 
Madrid, 
Maelstrom, 
Malta, 

Marseilles, 
Miami, 


PRONovircKn. 

Gua-dal-klv-ee'r. 

Gar'-daf-we. 

Gwia-keel', 

Ge-ah'na. 

Gin'-ne.« 

H. 

Baig. 

Ea'r-rjj. 

Hah'ver. 

Ha-wi'-e. 

Hoo'g  ton. 

Hid'-rabad. 

I. 

IWi-no'y, 
In'-je-a. 

In-je-an'-a, 
In'-jiz. 
I'-o  wa. 
Ip'-sij. 

Kam-ka't-ka. 
Ke-na'w  wa, 
Nis'-te-no. 

L. 

Lipe'-sic. 

Leej. 

LeeL 

Le'-mah. 

Liinozh'. 

Lo'-re-ong. 

Jx)o^^e-an'-iiab. 
Loo'-e-vil. 

M. 

Mad'-e-rah. 
Ma'hdreed. 
Ma'wI-fltrum. 
Mo'l  ta. 

—"I  saux, , 

Mi  a'm  e. 


•G  hard  sound  as  in  go. 


m 


wkmwiu 

Mieblgtn, 

Miaiiique, 

MiMouri, 

Mobile, 

Montreal, 

Monterey, 

Mosambiquei 


PRONOUirciNO   DICTIONARY. 


raoNomfoio. 

Miab'-e-gan. 

MiMia'-ke. 

Mi«-floa<ra% 

Mo-beef. 

MontHreaur. 

Mon  te-ra'. 

Mo-zam-beek'. 


N. 


■■         NaeogdoelMi, 
■S          Natetaitocbe% 
HH         Miearagua, 
HH         Niemen, 

Na<og-do'sh-efl 
Nak-e4oeb'. 
Mik-er<i'bftta. 
Ne'Hnen.       \ 

■1 

0. 

KB         Okbotak, 

Oltotdt. 
Ooi'da. 
Op-»4oo'-zaa. 

^B 

P. 

^^m         ftaeagoula, 

Um        PlaquemiiMa, 
W^        Pojt'OcataiMtl, 
jj         Porto  Rkso, 
l^fl         Poiighkmpiie, 
I^H         PruMia, 

Pk»ea-goo1a. 

Per'-ebe-a. 

PlakHDeen'. 

Po-po-kaf-a-peL 

Por'-to^ko. 

Po-kip'^. 

Proo'^abe-a. 

Pooa'b-bla. 

gj 

Q. 

■■         Qaiberon, 

Kfb-rong'. 
Kd'-to. 

1 

R^ 

H         RaMgh, 

Ra'w-la. 

Reemi. 

Rine. 

\ 


WBTTTBN. 

Rbone, 
Rideau, 
Rio  Grande, 
Rio  Janeiro^ 
Rouen, 
Rusftia, 


wttoMovnemu, 

Rona. 

Ri-dc'. 

Re^Hgra'ad. 

Re-o-Jan-e'-ro. 

Roo'«en. 

Roo'<ebe4u 


S. 


St  Augustine,       8ent-au-gue-teen'. 
St  Brieux,  6en^bru^ 

St  Croix,  3ent<eroy'. 

San  Louis  de  Poto-  8an-Ioo-ie-de-po- 


■i. 

Santiago, 
Scbeneciady, 
Sebuylkill, 
Seinoi 


Tehuantepee, 

P*oulon, 

iTouiouM, 


Valendennes, 
Venezuela, 
Vera  Crua, 
Vereailtes, 


^abadi, 

Warsaw, 

Wasbita, 

Weser, 

Wieliczka, 

Wiinnipisepgee, 

Worcester^ 


tO'i 

San4e  a'b-go. 
Sken<«'e4a-dei. 
^ool'kill. 
Seen.  * 


T. 

Ta-wa'n^-pak. 

Too'-long. 

Toa'-lfioz. 

V. 

Val-an-se^n'. 
Ven^£-we'*la. 
VeH«b*krooa^ 
Ver«UIa'. 

W. 

Wa'w-bosh, 

Wo'rsaw. 

Wosb-e-taw'. 

We'i'ir. 

We-lich'-ka. 

Win^-pe-sa'w-ka. 

Woo'e-ter. 


^ 


n. 


ICD'. 


90- 


% 


Iw. 


IMAGE  EVALUA 
TEST  TARGET  (A 


1.0 


I.I 


m 


-1^ 

m 


lAO 


1.25 


1.4 


I 


Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


1.1 


116 


1^  liS^ 

1^    11112.2 


2.0 


1.8 


1.25      1.4   111.6 

6"     

► 

hotographic 

Sdences 

Corporation 


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